three to six pounds, and is distinguishable by the small size of the scales and by the oblong coarse markings on the tail. It is occasionally seen in California and in the Columbia River, but is common from Puget Sound northward, where it is the 'dog-salmon' or 'gorbuscha' of Alaska; also called 'haddo' and 'hay-ko' by the Indians, who smoke-dry it, and use it as winter food. See SALMON; and Plate of SALMON.

The term humpbacked is applied to other fishes, having an elevated dorsal outline, especially an Alaskan whitefish (Coregonus Nelsoni). HUMPED CATTLE, or ZEBU. The common domestic cattle of India and the East, known in books as 'zebu' or 'zubr,' but not so called anywhere in the Orient. It seems to be a distinct species (Bos Indicus), of which no wild examples remain. Certain bands of these cattle running wild have, however, ranged the forests of Eastern India for hundreds of years, and are large, long horned, and shy. In addition to the enormous hump on the fore shoulders, these cattle show some convexity of the forehead, concavity of the upper border of the short horns, large drooping ears, and a very large dewlap. In size and color they vary considerably. The most common colors are ashy gray or creamy buff, but red, brown, black, and even white ones are seen. A certain number of white bulls are held sacred by the Hindus, whence the name 'Brahminy,' often given to the entire race; and these wander about, devastating crops and feeding upon the vegetables exposed for sale in the bazaars without serious interference. The humped cattle are diffused over India, China, the Asiatic islands, Madagascar, and the east coast of Africa. There are many breeds, differing much in size; the largest are greater than any oxen of Europe, while the smallest are not much bigger than a large mastiff. The hump of the largest breeds is said to be sometimes 50 pounds in weight. English residents in India esteem the hump as delicious for the table. There are hornless breeds, and a breed with two fatty humps, one behind the other, is common in the vicinity of Surat. The voice resembles the grunting of the yak, almost as nearly as the lowing of the ox. The zebu is used in India both as a beast of draught and of burden, is yoked in the plow, is occasionally used for riding, and can travel from twenty to thirty miles a day, and is very gentle and docile. In recent years they have been introduced into Jamaica in considerable numbers, and are used on the large banana estates.

GALLA OX, OR SUNGA. A breed of humped cattle domesticated in East Africa, and most common in Abyssinia, remarkable for its massive horns, which sometimes form the figure of an upright lyre above its head. A sunga's horn may be 46 inches long, and 15 inches around the base. This variety was known in ancient Egypt, and has been regarded as the parent stock of the Indian breeds of humped cattle; while Blyth finds in it an affinity to the banteng. Consult Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (London, 1898).

HUMPERDINCK, hum'per-dink, ENGELBERT (1854-). A German composer, critic, and teacher, born in Siegburg, near Bonn. He was study ing to become an architect at Cologne, when he came under the influence of Hiller (q.v.), and was persuaded to devote himself to music. Few of his native contemporaries have been more for

VOL. X.-21.

tunate or successful in securing recognition for their work and talents. At the age of twentysix he was an intimate friend of the Wagner family at Bayreuth, and for the two or three years immediately preceding the great master's death was his especial protégé; besides which he was the instructor of Siegfried Wagner, and was selected because of his intimate knowledge of the composer's ideas, to write the pianoforte arrangements of Wagner's music dramas, and to assist in the preparation of Parsifal for the public stage. Ile is better known throughout Europe generally, and America in particular, for his opera Hänsel und Gretel (1893)), which gained for him a world-wide reputation. In 1902 an English dramatic version of Die Königskinder (1896) was given in England and America under the title of The Children of the King, in which was retained the incidental music of the original German version. Humperdinck was educated largely at the Cologne Conservatory. He won the Mendelssohn prize in 1878, and the Meyerbeer prize in 1880. His principal teaching appointments were at the Barcelona (Spain) Conservatory (1885-86); Cologne (1887-88)`; Frankfort, in which city he won the Mozart scholarship and also acted as concertmaster at the opera (1890-96). Other important compositions in addition to those already mentioned are: Dornröschen (1895); Die sieben Geislein, a children's fairy story (1896); Symphony in C (1896); and incidental music to Der Richter von Zalamea (1896). During his stay in Frankfort he served as musical critic on the staff of the Frankfurter Zeitung, from which he retired in 1896, when he took up his residence at Boppard. His manner is somewhat Wagnerian, but his music is nevertheless strikingly original and pure. He is particularly happy in his musical treatment of folk-lore and fairy tales. In 1900 he was called to Berlin as member of the Academy of Fine Arts and teacher of composition.

HUMPHREY, HEMAN (1779-1861). An American Congregational clergyman and educator. He was born in Connecticat; graduated at Yale in 1805, and was pastor of the Congregational church in Fairfield, Conn., from 1807 to 1817, and of that in Pittsfield, Mass., from 1817 to 1823. He was president of Amherst College from 1823 to 1845, during the infancy of that institution. He was an early advocate of temperance, and a report of his on the subject made in 1813 is said to have been the first temperance tract. Among his publications there are, besides biographies, The Sabbath (1830); Tour in France, Great Britain, and Belgium (1838); and Consult: Z. M. Domestic Education (1840). Humphrey and Neill, Memorial Sketches of Heman and Sophia Humphrey; and Tyler, History of Amherst College (Springfield, 1873).

HUMPHREY, THE GOOD DUKE (1391-1447). Duke of Gloucester and youngest son of Henry IV. He was Regent of England under Henry V. and Protector previous to the coronation of Henry VI. He married Jacqueline, heiress of Holland and Hainault, and in 1424 overran Hainault, which was recovered by the Duke of Later he married Eleanor Cobham, Brabant. who was imprisoned for life for treason, and at the time of his death Humphrey himself was under similar charge.

Smollett. It narrates the fortunes of the title character, a postilion, after he enters the service of the Brambles. He proves to be his master's natural son, and marries his mistress's maid, Winifred. The work was published in 1771, and founded partly on Anstey's New Bath Guide, and partly on the author's own life. Tabitha and Winifred are obviously the literary ancestors of Sheridan's Mrs. Malaprop; while Scott admits copying the pedantic Lismahago in his Sir Dugald Dalgetty.

HUMPHREYS, ALEXANDER CROMBIE (1851 -). An American gas-engineer and educator, born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Having come to the United States in 1859, from 1866 to 1872 he was a member of the staff of a New York insurance company; in 1872 was appointed secretary of a Greenville (N. J.) gas-light company, and shortly afterwards its superintendent. In 1877-81 he studied at the Stevens Institute of Technology (Hoboken, N. J.); from 1881 to 1885 was chief engineer of a lighting company of New York, and in 1885 was appointed superintendent of construction of a gas improvement company, of which he became general superintendent, and ultimately commercial manager, with headquarters at Philadelphia, Pa. He entered a London gas company in 1892, and in 1894 established a branch of the company in New York. During his connection with these various enterprises he greatly furthered the manufacture of water-gas. In 1902 he was elected president of Stevens Institute to succeed Henry Morton, deceased.

HUM/PHREYS, ANDREW ATKINSON (1810

83). An American soldier. He was born in Philadelphia; graduated at West Point in 1831, and was assigned to the artillery. He resigned in September, 1836, and for the next two years was a civil engineer employed on Government work under Major Hartman Bache. In July, 1838, he reëntered the army as first lieutenant, and was assigned to the corps of topographical engineers. From 1842 to 1849 he was assistant in charge of the Coast Survey office. Later he was engaged in the surveys of the delta of the Mississippi, and in those for various railroads. Soon after the outbreak of the Civil War he became a member of the staff of General McClellan, with the rank of major, and in the Peninsula campaign was chief topographical engineer of the Army of the Potomac. In April, 1862, he was promoted to be brigadier-general of volunteers, and he was afterwards in command of a division in the Fifth Corps of the Army of the Potomac, participating in the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. In the battle of Gettysburg he commanded the Second Division of the Third Corps, and as such had an active share in the second day's fighting, earning promotion to a major-generalship in the volunteer service. From July 8, 1863, to November, 1864, he was chief of staff to General Meade, and subsequently commanded the Second Corps of the Army of the Potomac in Grant's final campaign against Lee. He was brevetted majorgeneral in the Regular Army for services at Sailor's Creek, commanded the District of Pennsylvania for a time, and after being mustered out of the volunteer service was placed in command of the engineer corps with the regular rank of brigadier-general. He was retired from active service in 1879. He published: The Virginia Campaigns of 1864 and 1865 (1882); From Get

tysburg to the Rapidan (1882); and, with H. L. Abbott, a Report on the Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi River (1861).

An

HUMPHREYS, DAVID (1752-1818). American soldier, diplomat, and poet, born in Derby, Conn., and educated at Yale College. At the outbreak of the Revolutionary War he entered the army as captain, became major of a brigade under General Parsons in 1777, was

made aide to Genera! Putnam in 1778, and in 1780 became Washington's aide and military secretary. After the battle of Yorktown he was put in charge of the colors and standards captured from the British troops, and for his services received from General Knox, in 1786, a sword voted by Congress five years before. In 1784 he acted as secretary of the commission, consisting of Adams, Jefferson, Franklin, and others, that went to Paris to arrange commercial treaties between foreign powers and the United States. He served in the Connecticut Legislature in 1786, participated in the suppression of Shays's Rebellion in 1787, and from 1788 to 1790 lived with Washington's family at Mount Vernon, where he wrote An Essay Upon the Life of Gen. Israel Putnam. From 1791 to 1797 he served as United States Minister in Lisbon, being the first diplomatic representative of the United States cver sent to Portugal; and was then made Minister Plenipotentiary to Spain. In 1802 he returned, bringing with him the first merino sheep introduced into the United States. During the War of 1812 he commanded the Connecticut militia. He was a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and a prominent member of the literary coterie known as the 'Hartford Wits,' with whom he wrote the Anarchiad. His other writings include: The Widow of Malabar, a translation of the French tragedy; An Address to the Armies of the United States (1782); The Happiness of America; The Future Glory of the United States; and many political papers and orations.

HUMPHREYS, HENRY VOEL (1810-79). An English author, illustrator, and naturalist, born in Birmingham. Much of his early life was spent in Italy. He provided the illustrations for Westwood's British Butterflies (1841), and for Loudon's British Wild Flowers (1856). He was the author of some numismatic handbooks, such as: The Coins of England (1846); Ancient Coins and Medals (1850); two volumes of illus trations for Froissart's Chronicles (1844); Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages (1844-49, with Owen Jones); and other works and illus trations.

HUMPHREYS, JOSHUA (1751-1838). An American shipbuilder of Revolutionary time. Welsh by descent, but a native of Haverford, Pa., he learned his trade in Philadelphia, and when it became necessary for the English colonies to have ships of their own with which to fight the mother country, Humphreys was their first builder. From that fact he was called 'the father of the American Navy.' He built such ships as the Constitution, Chesapeake, Congress, Constellation, President, and United States.

HUMPHREYS, MILTON WYLIE (1844-). An American educator, born in West Virginia. He was educated at Washington and Lee University, and at Leipzig and Berlin, and from 1869 to 1875 was adjunct professor of the ancient lan

guages at Leipzig. Having held the chair of Greek at Vanderbilt University from 1875 to 1883, he was professor of ancient languages at the University of Texas from 1883 to 1887, and in the latter year became professor of Greek at the University of Virginia. In 1882 he was president of the American Philological Association, and for a number of years he was American editor of the Revue des Revues. His publications include excellent editions of The Clouds of Aristophanes (1885), and the Antigone of Sophocles (1891).

HUMUS (Lat., ground). A generic term for the decomposed organic matter contained in soil. During decomposition of vegetable matter the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen pass off in the form of water, carbon dioxide, ammonia etc., or are carried down into the earth in solution, while the remainder of the constituents form compounds less easily removed, to which the name humus is properly applied. These compounds have been investigated chemically, but little is known as to their nature and relations; special names have been given to a few of them, as crenic acid, apocrenic acid, ulmic acid, and ulmin. They are of importance in relation to the fertility of the soil, increasing its power of absorbing and retaining water, lessening its te nacity, and causing more rapid absorption of heat from the sun's rays. They may also indirectly afford nutrition to plant life. See SOIL; COMPOST.

HUMUS PLANTS. Plants which grow naturally in humus soil. Ordinarily in nature, where large amounts of humus are found, there is n rich development of forest trees. Associated very intimately with the humus, however, are a number of plants which depend not only upon the rich organic food found in the humus and in the shade furnished by the trees, but also upon the presence of fungi which permeate the humus. The significance of these fungi is discussed under the head MYCORRHIZA. Until recently, the plants dependent upon humus have been called saprophytes, but inasmuch as more close investigation has shown that the dependence is very rarely directly upon the humus, but rather upon the fungi spoken of above, such plants are now referred to as symbiotic saprophytes. Among these are found not only plants destitute of chlorophyll, like the Indian pipe, but also a large number of green plants, even forest trees, such as beech and pine. See FOREST; SAPROPHYTE.

HU-NAN, höō'nän' (Chin., south of the lake, i.e. the Tung-ting Lake). An inland province of China, bounded on the east by the mountains of Kiang-si, on the south and southwest by the Nan-ling Mountains, which separate it from the provinces of Kwang-tung and Kwang-si, on the west by Kwei-chow and Sze-chuen, and on the north by Hu-peh (Map: China, D 6). Area, about 77,000 square miles. It is made up of the basins of four rivers, which discharge into the Tung-ting Lake and through it into the Yang-tse. The chief of these rivers are the Siang, which rises in the Nan-ling and flows north, receiving many tributary waters in its course; the Tsze; and the Yuen, which has its origin in the southeast of Kwei-chow, the latter furnishing the shortest and most satisfactory route to Kwei-chow, Yun-nan, and Burma, being navigable by native boats as far as Ch'ên-yuan-fu

on the Kwei-chow frontier. The general slope of the province is toward the lake. Hills attaining in some places the height of mountains are found in the south, southeast, and along the Kwei-chow border on the west. The soil is fertile, and in many parts two crops a year are produced. The chief agricultural products are tea, rice, hemp, and tobacco. Hu-nan is one of the principal tea-producing regions of China, and immense quantities are shipped every year to foreign countries from Hankow. The coarser varieties are prepared in brick form and sent overland via Hankow to Siberia and Russia. Both bituminous and anthracite coal is found and mined. The anthracite is of good quality and is exported. Iron, copper, and tin are also of Hu-nan is estimated at about 22,000,000. The found. Capital, Ch'ang-sha-fu. The population

inhabitants are noted for their lawlessness and

their hostility to foreigners.

HUNCAMUNCA, hun'kâ-mun kȧ. The ingenuous daughter of King Arthur and Queen Dollallolla in Fielding's burlesque Tom Thumb the Great.

HUNCHBACK, THE. The most successful comedy of J. Sheridan Knowles, produced in 1832. At Covent Garden, under Kemble's direction, Fanny Kemble played Julia, and the part of Master Walter was taken by the author

himself.

HUNDRED (AS. hundred, Ger. hundert, OIr. cet, Lith. szimtas, Lett. simts, OChurch from AS., Goth. hund, OHG. hunt, Ger. hund, Slav. suto, Lat. centum, Gk. éκaтÓv, hekaton, Skt. sata, hundred + AS. -red; connected with OHG. radia, Ger. Rede, account, speech, Goth. ancient territorial unit in England, less than a rapjō, Lat. ratio, reckoning, reri, to think). An shire or county, and usually greater than a parish or town. The origin of the name is involved in obscurity, but it is supposed to be derived from a convenient grouping of one hundred families for purposes of defense, or for local administration. Hundreds varied greatly in size in different parts of England, from two square miles in the southern counties, to three hundred square miles in Lancashire, but they maintained considerable uniformity within the limits of a given county. But they were not mere subdivisions of the county, being both historically and for various administrative purposes independent of the greater territorial division within which they were included. See the article WAPENTAKE.

Each hundred had a court of ancient and forgotten origin, which was known as the Hundred Court. This was held at frequent intervals and appears to have been of equal authority with the county courts, though its jurisdiction seems to have been more restricted, being apparently confined to civil causes, such as actions of debt and trespass. Like the other customary courts of the feudal period, such as the county courts, courts baron, and the like, the hundred courts were composed of the freeholders of the hundred, who were liable to do service as 'suitors,' i.e. triers of suits, as one of the obligations of their freehold tenure. Most of these courts have been abolished and their jurisdiction transferred to the county courts, but a few, which were courts of record, have been permitted to survive.

But the hundred was more than a political

and administrative unit; it was also a communal unit. It was liable in damages for a false judgment given by the hundred court. As early as the reign of Edgar it was provided that the hundred should be responsible for the administration of justice and liable to punishment by fine or otherwise if thieves and other criminals were not brought to justice. The statute of Winchester in 1285 (13 Edw. I., c. 2) made the hundred liable to respond in damages for robberies committed within its limits if the offender was allowed to escape punishment. At a still earlier period it was subject to the famous murder fine, imposed by the laws of Canute upon any hundred in which any one not an Englishman was found slain. (See ENGLISHERY.) As lately as 1886 the hundred continued to be legally liable for damages resulting from rioting. Consult: Pollock and Maitland, History of English Law (2d ed., London and Boston, 1899); Stubbs, Constitutional History of England (Oxford, 1880).

or

HUNDRED DAYS, THE (Fr. les cent jours). The term of Napoleon's second reign as French Emperor. The period extended from March 20, 1815, the date of his entry into Paris, to June 28th, when Louis XVIII. once more assumed power. At Elba Napoleon had been kept informed of the dissension prevailing among the Allies at the Congress of Vienna, and of the extreme unpopularity of the restored Bourbons in France. Seizing the opportunity, he left Elba, February 26th, landed with 900 men near Cannes, and called upon the country to rise in his favor, March 1st. The apathy of the Bourbons at Paris allowed Napoleon time to recruit his strength. When Louis at last bestirred himself it was too late. The Napoleonic fever had spread, the soldiers of the Empire rallied around their old leader, and the troops sent out against him joined his standard. The final blow to the monarchy came when Ney, after great hesitation, went over to Napoleon, who entered Paris in triumph March 20th, Louis having fled northward to Ghent. Napoleon immediately ganized a government, issued writs for the election of an extraordinary assembly to draft a new constitution, abolished the existing Legisla ture, and began to raise troops. Meanwhile the Allies at Vienna, on hearing of his landing, pledged themselves to hunt down the bandit' and to put it out of his power, once for all, to disturb the peace of Europe. Eight hundred thousand men were sent out against him. At Paris there was a foreboding that this sudden restoration could not last; but though men had lost much of the fear and respect Napoleon had been wont to inspire, the work of organization nevertheless went on actively. On June 1st, in the Champ de Mars, Napoleon solemnly swore to this new Constitution, which was very liberal in character, and then set out with his army, for he had succeeded in raising 287.000 men, for the north. (See LIGNY; QUATRE-BRAS; WATER100.) Four days after Waterloo, June 224, he abdicated in favor of his son, attempted to escape to America, failed, and gave himself up to the English. See FRANCE.

HUNDRED YEARS' WAR, THE. The name of the long series of contests waged by the English kings, between 1337 and 1453, to gain the French crown and French territory. It was by

no means an uninterrupted war, but rather a succession of battles, truces, and peaces. The first great period of the war extends from 1337 to 1380. Philip VI. (1328-50), of the House of Valois, had succeeded Charles IV., the last of the direct descendants of Hugh Capet, since, in accordance with the Salic law (q.v.), the crown of France could be transmitted through the male line only, though Edward III. of England was a nearer relation to the late King, his mother, Isabella, being a sister of Charles. Edward's claim, however, was weak in this, that if females could transmit claims to the crown, then there were others who had even better claims than the English King. On June 6, 1330, and May 30, 1331, Edward by letters patent recognized Philip's claims, and had the latter been a more capable man, war might not have resulted. The French King interfered in the affairs of the Flemish cities, with which England had intimate commercial relations. Moreover, Edward was influenced by the exiled Robert of Artois, who had been unable to obtain his inheritance from Philip VI. Edward declared war in 1337, and gradually made alliances with the Emperor Louis IV. and John of Brittany, who was opposed by Charles of Blois, cousin of Philip VI., in his attempts to secure his inheritance. It is this war in Brittany which the great chronicler Froissart (q.v.) has especially described. On the other hand, Philip established that close alliance of France and Scotland which was to endure for centuries. There were many small skirmishes during the first years of the war, but neither side gained decisive victories, and on January 9, 1343, a truce was concluded for three years, each side retaining its possessions. Hostilities, however, were resumed in 1345. At this juncture the alliance of the Flemish cities was lost to England by the death of Jakob van Artevelde (q.v.), the leader of the Flemings, who perished in a popular tumult. On August 26, 1346, the English, under the leadership of Edward himself, won their first great victory at Crécy (q.v.), which showed that the French knights could not stand against the well-disciplined yeoman archers of England. The victors took possession of Calais.

Meanwhile France was already experiencing the evils of war; the distress of the peasants was great; financial troubles set in, made worse by the tampering with the coin and the ever-increasing taxes. The second great defeat of the French took place at Poitiers (q.v.) in 1356, where the famous Black Prince led the English, and where King John, the successor of Philip VI., was taken prisoner. The States-General now for a time had control of the Administration. Their leaders were Etienne Marcel, provost of the Merchants, Robert le Coq. Bishop of Laon, and Charles the Bad of Navarre; but the revolt of the peasants (see JACQUERIE) in 1358 caused the more conservative classes to rally to the aid of the Dauphin Charles, who had been appointed regent by the States-General during King John's captivity. A brief breathing-spell was brought about in 1360 by the Peace of Bretigny (q.v.). John died in 1364, and his son Charles V. (q.v.), who was to be known as the 'Wise,' succeeded him. Himself an unwarlike man, he had the help of a great soldier in Du Guesclin (q.v.). His object was to regain the lands his father had lost, and by interfering with

the possessions of the English in France, and attacking them in Spain, he forced a new war in 1369. Du Guesclin did not attempt to meet the English in the open, but harassed them, and cut off their supplies, and the English experienced a succession of misfortunes. Moreover, in 1376 the Black Prince died, and there was no one capable of taking his place; a year later Edward III. also died, and was succeeded by Richard II., a minor. When, in 1380, Charles VI. (q.v.) succeeded his father, few possessions remained to the English in France. In 1396 a truce for twenty-eight years was signed, which ended the first period of the war.

In France meanwhile Charles VI. had become insane, civil war broke out between the factions of the Armagnacs (q.v.) and the Burgundians, and Paris itself was distressed by the rising of the Cabochiens (q.v.) in 1413. In England Richard II. was overthrown by Henry IV. in 1399, and the latter was succeeded in 1413 by his son Henry V. But the House of Lancaster did not feel secure on the throne, and nothing would turn the attention of the people away from internal affairs as completely as a foreign war. So, in 1415 the war began again with the invasion of France by Henry V. France disunited offered an easy prey to the English, and soon the country was almost entirely in their possession, especially as they were aided by Philip, Duke of Burgundy (q.v.), who was eager to revenge the murder of his father, John the Fearless (q.v.). To the first year of this period belongs the battle of Agincourt (q.v.), the last of the three great English victories. On May 20, 1420, the Treaty of Troyes was signed, by which Henry V. was recognized as Regent of France and the heir of Charles VI., while the Dauphin was disowned by his own mother. The English held practically the whole of France.

In 1422 both Henry V. and Charles VI. died, and the former was succeeded by his son, Henry VI., a child of ten months, who was crowned Henry of France at Paris, his uncle Bedford being Regent. Charles VII., the successor of Charles VI., gave no signs of ability, and it seemed as if Henry VI. would really hold France permanently. But when affairs looked darkest France was saved by Joan of Arc (q.v.), who came forward and raised the siege of Orléans in 1429, thus turning the tide of war. From that time on the English slowly but surely lost ground, and when, in 1453, their last great captain, Talbot, fell at Castillon, the war ceased. Of all the extensive English conquests in France, nothing remained except the city of Calais and a small adjoining district. This France did not regain until 1558. Consult: Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire générale, vol. iii. (Paris, 1894); Kitchin, History of France, vol. i. (Oxford, 1873); Hardy, La Guerre de cent ans (Paris, 1877); Dognon, Les Armagnacs et les Bourguignons (Toulouse, 1890); Wallon, Jeanne d'Arc (Paris, 1875); Longman, Edward III. (London, 1869). See FRANCE; ENGLAND; and BURGUNDY.

HU’NEKER, JAMES GIBBONS (1860). An American musical writer and critic, born in Philadelphia, Pa. He was a pupil of Alfredo Barili, and of Ritter and Doutreleau for theory, in Paris. On the completion of his studies in the latter city he returned to New York, where he took up his permanent residence (1885). He was musical editor, and in 1902 became dra

matic editor, of the New York Sun. His numerous contributions to the leading magazines and reviews contain vigorous and consistent presentations of his musical ideals. His works include: Mezzotints in Modern Music (1899); Chopin, as Man and Musician (1900), probably the most sympathetic life of Chopin for either musician or layman; and Melomaniacs (1902), a volume of stories on musical subjects, characteristically clever and imaginative.

HUNFALVY, hun'fol-ve, JÁNOS (1820-88). An Hungarian geographer. He was born in the County of Zips, Hungary; became professor of statistics in the Academy of Kesmark; took part in the political agitation preceding the revolution of 1848; and was professor of history in the polytechnic school at Buda (1866-70), and of geography in the University of Pest after 1870. He was elected a member of the Hungarian Academy in 1865, and died in Budapest. Hunfalvy wrote a Universal History (1850-51), and a Universal Geography; of the latter, only two volumes appeared during the author's lifetime; the third was published in Budapest in 1890. An excellent descriptive work on Hungary, entitled A magyar birodalom természeti viszonyainak leirása, appeared in 1863-66. He issued in German his Ungarn und Siebenbürgen in Originalansichten (1856), and in both German and Magyar his work on the Travels of Ladislas Magyar (1859).

HUNFALVY, PÁL (1810-91). An Hungarian philologist and ethnographer, brother of the preceding. He was born in the County of Zips, studied law at Pest, and from 1842 to 1848 was Then he was professor of law at Kesmark. elected to the Hungarian Diet, in which he sat until it was dissolved, when he went to Pest, and in 1856 founded the philological reto the Hungarian Academy in 1859, he was for view Magyar Nyelvéazet. Having been elected He wrote: Chrestomany years its librarian. mathia Fennica (1861); Utazás a Balt-tenger

vidékein, travels in the Baltic country (1871); treatises on the dialects of the Voguls (1872) and the Ostiaks (1875); a Magyar ethnography (1876; German by Schwicker, 1877); in Prochaska's series on the peoples of Austria-Hungary, a volume entitled Die Ungarn oder Magyaren (1881); and Die Rumänen und ihre Ansprüche (1883).

HUNGARIAN CONFESSION, THE. A confession of faith prepared by the Synod of Czenger, and adopted by the Reformed Church of Hungary, 1558. Its chief points were its emphatic rejec

tion of the anti-Trinitarian views which had spread widely through Hungary of the Roman Catholic and Lutheran doctrines of the Eucharist, and of Anabaptism. Upon the point of reprobation it is silent. The Confession was superseded in 1567 by the Hungarian Synod's acceptance of the Second Helvetian Confession (1566). Consult Schaff, Creeds of Christendom (London, 1884).

HUNGARIAN GRASS. See FOXTAIL GRASS. HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE. Called by those who speak it, Magyar; one of the UralAltaic group of languages, and both politically and literarily the most important representative of the group. With the exception of the closely allied Finnish (including the various Finnic dialects spoken in Russia, as well as the Lapp) and