Josse-ten-Noode-Schaerbeek.

His compositions, which are of sterling merit, comprise: The oratorios, Een laatste Zonnestraal, Bloemardinne, and Willem van Oranjes dood; the dramatic poem Verlichting, for organ, orchestra, soli, and chorus; a Symphonie funèbre, a romantic suite, many songs, piano pieces, and instrumental numbers.

HUBERTUSBURG, hu-běr tus-boork, or HUBERTSBURG (Ger., Hubert's castle). A royal hunting-seat, not far from Leipzig, built in 1721 by Augustus the Strong (Frederick Augustus I.) of Saxony. Here, on February 15, 1763, was signed the treaty of peace between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, marking the conclusion of the Seven Years' War (q.v.).

HÜBNER, hub'ner, ALEXANDER, Count (181192). An Austrian author and diplomat, born in Vienna. He held various minor diplomatic positions in Paris, Lisbon, and Leipzig, and was then sent to Paris as Minister Plenipotentiary (1849). He held this post under the Republic, and under Napoleon III. until 1859. After this he was Minister of Police in his own country, but did not keep that portfolio long. From 1865 to 1867 he was Ambassador to Rome, and then made a tour of the world, described in

was born at Oels, in Silesia, studied at the Academy School in Berlin and under Schadow, there and at Düsseldorf. He first attracted attention by his picture of "Ruth and Boaz" (1825). He traveled in Italy, and resided for the most part at Düsseldorf until 1839. In that year he settled at Dresden, becoming a professor in the Academy of Arts in 1841, and director of the Gallery of Paintings in 1871. He obtained the great gold medal at Brussels in 1851. Among the works of his first period are "The Fisherman" (1828), after Goethe's ballad; "Ruth and Naomi" (1833), in the National Gallery, Berlin; "Christ and the Evangelists" (1835); "Job and His Friends" (1838), in the Gallery of Frankfort; "Consider the Lilies" (1839); and the portrait of Frederick III., in the Kaiserhalle, Frankfort. To his second or Dresden period belong the "Golden Age" and "Dispute Between Luther and Dr. Eck" (1866), in the Dresden Gallery; "Charles V. at San Yuste," "Last Days of Frederick the Great," "Cupid in Winter," and others. He was also known as a poet.

HÜBNER, KARL (1814-79). A German genre painter, born at Königsberg. He was a pupil of the Düsseldorf Academy. His works were especially popular in Holland and in America, where he went in 1874, and was received with enthusiasm. His genre subjects include: "The Silesian Weavers" (1844); "The Sleeping Wood-Thief" (1845); "The Abandoned" (1846); "The Seizure for Debt" (1848, Königsberg Museum); "The Sinner at the Church Door" (1874, National Gallery, Berlin); "Consolation in Prayer" (1875, Düsseldorf Gallery); and "The Recovery," in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.

HUB OF THE UNIVERSE. A name jest

HÜBNER, EMIL (1834-1901). A distinguished German classical philologist. born at Düsseldorf. He was professor at the University of Berlin from 1870 until his death. His contributions to classical learning, above all in the field of Latin epigraphy, were very numerous. To his influence was due an awakening of interest in classical studies in general, and especially in epigraphy in Spain, which he made a favorite field of study. Among his publications the most important are: De Senatus Populique Romani Actis (1859); Epigraphische Reiseberichte aus Spanien und Portugal (1861); Die antiken Bildwerke in Madrid (1862); Inscriptiones Hispanic Latina (1869, supplementary volume 1892); Inscriptiones Hispanic Christianæ (1871, supplementary volume 1900); Inscriptiones Britannia Latino (1873); Inscriptiones Britanniæ Christianæ (1876): Exempla Scripturæ Epigraphica Latina (1885); Monumenta Linguee Iberica (1893): Ueber mechanische Copien von Inschriften (1881); Grundriss zu Vorlesungen über die römische Litteraturgeschichte (4th ed. 1878); Grundriss zu Vorlesungen über lateinische Grammatik (2d ed. 1880); Bibliographie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (2d ed. 1889); La arqueología de España (1888); Römische Herrschaft in Westeuropa (1890). Hübner was also co-editor of Hermes, 1866-81, and of the Archäologische Zeitung (1868-73).

HÜBNER, JULIUS (1806-82). A German historical painter of the Düsseldorf school.

He

his essays to the State House in Boston as the centre of a self-satisfied community. The term is frequently applied to the city itself, which is popularly supposed to boast of its superior wisdom and culture.

HÜBSCHMANN, hupsh'mån, JOHANN HEINRICH (1848-). A German philologist, born at Erfurt. He studied Oriental philosophy at Jena, Tübingen, Leipzig, and Munich; in 1876 became professor of Iranian languages at Leipzig, and in 1877 professor of comparative linguistics at Strassburg. His principal works are: Zur Casuslehre (1875); Armenische Studien (1883); Das indo-germanische Vokalsystem (1885); Etymologie und Lautlehre der ossetischen Sprache (1887); Persische Studien (1895); and Armenische Grammatik (1895 sq.).

A

HUC, uk, ÉVARISTE RÉGIS (1813-60). French Roman Catholic missionary and traveler. fathers in 1839, and at once went to China. After He was born in Toulouse; joined the Lazarist spending a few years in missionary labor in North

With

his two companions he spent several months in a ern China, in 1844 he set out for Tibet. Tatar monastery, learning the Tibetan language, and then made his way over the desert and glaciers to Lhasa, arriving in January, 1846. Within a few weeks, however, he was compelled to return, the Chinese ambassador having successfully used his influence to that end. Such was the strain on Father Huc's health that he was forced to come back to France in 1849. He published: Souvenirs d'un voyage dans la Tartarie, le Thibet et la Chine pendant les années 1844-46 (2

vols., Paris, 1850); L'empire chinois (ib., 1855); and Le christianisme en Chine, en Tartarie et en Thibet (4 vols., ib., 1857-58). All of these works have been translated into English. The strangeness of the things described caused them to be received with incredulity, but later travelers have established their truth. Father Huc's health was never fully restored, and he died at the age of forty-six. Consult: Henri d'Orléans, Le père Huc et ses critiques (Paris, 1893).

HUC BALD, or HUBAL'DUS (c.840-c.930). A Benedictine monk, author, and musician. He was noted for his piety and learning. He lived most of his life in the Monastery of Saint-Amand, near Tournay. His writings include some lives of the saints, but he is best known by his treatises on music. The authorship of these is disputed, excepting Harmonica Institutio, a criticism of a work by Reginon de Prum. The most celebrated of them is Musica Enchiriadis, now believed to be by an unknown writer of the end of the tenth century. It illustrates rules by practical examples, and is a valuable aid to the understanding of certain early systems of notation. Other works attributed to him are Alia Musica and Commemoratio Brevis de Tonis et Psalmis Modulandis.

HUCKABACK (probably from LGer. hukkebak, pickaback, from huken, to crouch bak, back). A coarse kind of linen or cotton cloth, figured somewhat like damask; it is usually employed for toweling.

HUCKLEBERRY (probably a corruption of hurtleberry, whurtleberry, whortleberry, probably from A3. wyrtil, OHG. wurzala, Ger. Wurzel, root+berry; apparently confused with AS. heortberge, heorotberge, hartberry, from heort, heorot, stag, hart + berge, berry). A term now

HUCKLEBERRY.

applied indiscriminately to various small, hardy shrubs of the genus Vaccinum (order Vacciniaceae). The flowers of these plants have a four or five toothed calyx, four or five cleft bellshaped corolla, with the limb bent back, and eight to ten stamens with two-horned anthers. The fruit is a four to five celled, many-seeded berry. The numerous representatives of the genus, mostly confined to the Northern Hemisphere, are common in the north of Great Britain,

VOL. X.-19.

In

Europe, and throughout North America. nature the huckleberry is represented by numerous species, and as each of these show marked variations in size of fruits and productiveness, the wonder is that so attractive a native plant should have existed so long apparently unheeded. The plants range in size from six inches in Vaccinum Pennsylvanicum, to five to ten feet high in Vaccinum corymbosum, and bear fruits from oneeighth inch up to five-eighths inch in diameter. In color they are equally variable, showing all shades from waxen black, blue, and white, to red in one species, Vaccinum Vitas-Idæa, which is often called cranberry because of the likeness of its acid fruit to that of the cranberry.

While the huckleberry has been successfully transplanted to gardens, grown from seeds and grafted, it has nowhere been cultivated in a In certain portions of the commercial way. United States wild plants are protected and cared for in order that the fruit may be secured for the of Maine, an area of some 150,000 acres in excanneries or markets. The "blueberry barrens" tent, is a notable example of the preservation of a native product from which is derived a large annual income. The annual pack from this region alone is about 30,000 cases of 24 cans each, valued at $57,000. Besides forming a valuable commer, cial product when canned, the huckleberry is extensively gathered and marketed for dessert purposes. Although naturally a dry, rather seedy fruit, the larger specimens are juicy, and possess a most agreeable flavor. The huckleberry is also used for preserves and jellies, as well as for making wine and distilled liquors. In America, however, its chief value is as a dessert fruit, both in a fresh state and when canned.

HUCKNALL TORKARD, hükʼnal tôr'kerd. A town in Nottinghamshire, England, five miles north of Nottingham (Map: England, E 4). It has coal-mining industries. Lord Byron is buried in the old parish church. Population, in 1891, 11,000; in 1901, 15,250.

HUDDE, hud'de, ANDREAS (c.1600-63). A Dutch commander in New Netherland after 1629. As one of the four councilors of Wouter van Twiller, director-general in America for the Dutch West India Company (1633), Hudde obtained a large grant of land upon Long Island, and in 1642 he was surveyor of Manhattan. Four years later, when trouble had arisen between the Dutch and Swedish settlers on the South, or Delaware River, he was sent to guard the Dutch West India Company's interests there, and at once entered into strife with the governor of the Swedes, who tried to stir up the Indians against him. But Hudde held his own until 1655, when the Dutch authorities sent ships to help him, and he conquered the Swedish rulers. He continued to enjoy the company's confidence, and was made commander of Forts Altona and New Gottenburg (1657), as well as colonial surveyor and parish a well-educated man is clerk. That he was evidenced by the quality of his literary remains in the Albany archives.

HUD'DERSFIELD. A manufacturing and market town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, on the Colne, 16 miles southwest of Leeds. It has excellent facilities for intercommunication by railway and canal with all important commercial centres, and is the chief seat of the English cloth and woolen manufac

ture (Map: England, E 3). Coal-mining and stone-quarrying are also profitable industries. The town is well built, with spacious thoroughfares, and fine ecclesiastical, public, and commercial buildings. The town hall and market hall are noteworthy. It has a proprietary college affiliated to the London University, a collegiate school, and other educational institutions. Its municipal government is of a high order and the corporation has been a pioneer in several economic features. Artisans' dwellings were established in 1853 for married couples, and for single women as well as for bachelors. Huddersfield was the first to own and work its tramways; it owns its gas, water, and electric works, and several beautiful parks; maintains free public libraries, an art gallery, public baths and wash-houses, slaughter-house, markets, technical schools, fire brigade, a hospital, cemeteries, and a modern system of refuse and sewage disposal. It was the first town to adopt an eight-hour labor day. It is the seat of a United States consulate. Although a town mentioned in the Domesday Book, its importance dates only from the establishment of the woolen manufacture in the eighteenth century. Population, in 1891, 95,400; in 1901, 95,000.

HU'DIBRAS. See BUTLER, SAMUEL.

HUDIBRAS, SIR. A foolhardy and pessimistic character, the suitor of Perissa, in Spenser's Faerie Queene, probably meant to represent

Puritanism.

HUD'SON. A town in Middlesex County, Mass., 28 miles west of Boston; on Assabet River, and on the Fitchburg and the Boston and Maine railroads (Map: Massachusetts, D 3). It has a public library. There are manufactures of leather, leather and rubber shoes, rubber gossamer clothing, rubber goring and webbing, and wooden and paper boxes. The government is administered by town meetings. The water-works and electric-light plant are owned and operated by the town. Population, in 1890, 4670; in 1900,

5454.

HUDSON. A city and the county-seat of Columbia County, N. Y., 28 miles south of Albany; on the east bank of the Hudson River, and on the New York Central and Hudson River, the Boston and Albany, and other railroads (Map: New York, G 3). It is finely situated on the slope of Prospect Hill, and has a number of noteworthy buildings, the State House of Refuge for Women, State Volunteer Firemen's Home, Hudson Orphan Asylum, State Armory, and the court-house, city hall, and city hospital. Public Square and Franklin Square parks, and Promenade and Reservoir hills are also of inter

est. There are extensive manufactures of knit goods, car-wheels, ale, lumber, tobacco, iron, machinery, stoves, furnaces, etc. Under a charter of 1895, the government is administered by a mayor, elected biennially, and a city council. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 9970; in 1900, 9528. Hudson was settled as Claverack Landing by New Englanders in 1783: its present name was adopted in 1784, and a city charter was received in 1785. For some years the city carried on an extensive foreign trade, and was an important whaling port, but its shipping was almost completely destroyed in the War of 1812.

HUDSON. A city and the county-seat of Saint Croix County, Wis., 19 miles east of Saint Paul, Minn.; on Lake Saint Croix, an expansion of the Saint Croix River, and on the Chicago, Saint Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railroad (Map: Wisconsin, A 4). It has saw and flour mills, box, furniture, and broom factories, breweries, railroad car and machine shops, and also a large cold-storage plant, the city being the centre of a region that is interested in raising vegetables, small fruits, poultry, etc., for shipment. There is a well-equipped sanatorium. The water-works and electric-light plant for street lighting are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 2885; in 1900, 3259.

HUDSON, CHARLES (1795-1881). An American clergyman, politician, and author, born in He was educated for the Lexington, Mass.

Church, which he entered as a Universalist in Westminster, Mass., until 1839. Beginning his 1819, and he presided over a congregation in political career in the House of Representatives in his own State, he afterwards went to Congress (1841-49), and then was made naval officer at the port of Boston, a position he retained four years, and then exchanged it for others in the public service. Besides editing a Boston daily newspaper, he wrote much upon historical and political topics for the periodical press. His books include: Letters to Rev. Hosea Ballou History of Lexington (1868), with a genealogical (1827); History of Westminster (1832); and a register of its families.

HUDSON, ERASMUS DARWIN (1843-87). An American physician, born in Massachusetts. He graduated at the College of the City of New York in 1864, and at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, in 1867. During 1867-68 he was house surgeon at Bellevue Hospital. In 1869-70 he was health inspector of New York City; in 1870 was attending physician to the class for diseases of the eye in the out-door department of Bellevue Hospital; was attending physician at Northwestern Dispensary in 1870-72, and attending physician to Trinity Chapel parish and Trinity Home in 1870-75. He was appointed professor of principles and practice of medicine at the Woman's Medical College of the New York Infirmary in 1872, and held that position for ten years; and from 1882 until his death was professor of general medicine and diseases of the chest in the New York Polyclinic. He was the author of the following professional works: "Report of Pulse and Respiration of Infants," in Eliot's Obstetric Clinic (1872); Doctors, Hygiene and Therapeutics (1877); Methods of Examining Weak Chests (1885); Limitations of the Diagnosis of Malaria (1885); Home Treatment of Consumptives (1886); and Physical Diagnosis of Thoracic Diseases (2d ed. 1887)

HUDSON, FREDERIC (1819-75). An American journalist, born in Quincy, Mass. After a common-school education he went to New York City in 1836, and became attached to the New York Herald, of which he soon became managing editor, which position he held until 1866. His long experience and diligence in collecting gave him abundant material for his Record of Journalism in the United States from 1690 to 1872. published in 1873. which is perhaps the most accurate and interesting history yet published of

singularly free from storm or fogs. Neither the bay nor Hudson Strait is ever entirely frozen over, but both are beset by detached floes and bergs of ice, which render navigation difficult for sailing vessels. Steamships can make the Voyage up the bay and reach land from about the middle of June to the end of October. The west shore lies low, but the east shore is bold and rocky. Thirty rivers of considerable magnitude flow into the bay, the Nelson River being the most important. The Churchill and the Severn come next, the former having a deep though comparatively narrow mouth, which can be entered with ease by the largest ships at all tides. Though the land lying south and west of James Bay is suitable for dairy farming, and though ironstone, manganiferous iron ore, galena, and plumbago are found in other portions of the surrounding territory, neithe" the soil, timber, nor minerals have been to any extent drawn upon. Whale, walrus, seal, and salmon abound in the waters of Hudson Bay, and steam whalers visit it during the summer; but the only business which has been developed lucratively is the fur trade by the Hudson's Bay Company. This may be accounted for by the severity of the long winter on the shores of the bay. The few summer months are marked by a genial and bracing climate. The bay was discovered in 1610 by Henry Hudson (q.v.).

HUDSONIAN CURLEW, GODWIT, etc. See CURLEW, GODWIT, etc.

HUDSON RIVER.

The principal river of New York State, and one of the most picturesque and important waterways in the Eastern United States (Map: New York, G 3). It rises in the Adirondack Mountains in the northern part of the State, receiving the waters of most of the lakes in the southeastern half of the Adirondack region, and having its ultimate source in a small lake near the outlet of Long Lake in the northeastern part of Hamilton County. After passing through these mountains in a number of windings, it flows almost due south until it empties into the Atlantic Ocean through New York Bay at New York City. Throughout its course it receives only three considerable tributaries, the Sacondaga, Mohawk, and Wallkill, all from the west. The scenery along the Hudson is of remarkable beauty and grandeur, and with the number of places on its shores celebrated in history and literature, the river justly merits the

title of the Rhine of America." Like the other

Atlantic rivers, it breaks transversely through the Appalachian ridges instead of following what would now be the natural course along the great longitudinal valleys. (See APPALACHIANS, especially under the sub-head Drainage Development.) Accordingly, its valley is in places very narrow, and its banks lined with high and steep hills or mountains, notable among which are the Highlands, 1500 feet in elevation, through which the river winds in a highly picturesque gorge, narrowed at one point to about 1600 feet. Farther down, near the mouth, its western shore, for about 18 miles, is formed by a great dike of trap rock, the famous Palisades (q.v.), rising perpendicularly from the water's edge to a height of 300 to 500 feet. The Catskill Mountains, west of the Hudson, about 100 miles from the sea, approach to within 8 miles of the river.

The Hudson differs from the other Atlantic rivers in the fact that, owing to the consider

able sinking or depression of the land which has been going on in this region, its valley has been drowned and tide-water admitted nearly 100 miles beyond the gorge of the Highlands as far as Albany. Below this point the so-called river is really an estuary or fiord, its volume being far out of proportion to its drainage area, though, owing to the narrowness of its valley, it still retains the aspect of a river, except for a stretch of about 20 miles between the Highlands and the Palisades, where it expands into Haverstraw Bay and Tappan Sea, the latter over 3 miles wide. Above Albany and Troy the river is really a small stream, obstructed by falls and rapids. It is this drowning of the Hudson Valley which is one of the principal causes of the commercial supremacy of New York City, as it has made this river the only deep-water passage cutting entirely through the Appalachian system. The connection of the Atlantic with the North Central States is completed by the Erie Canal (see CANAL), which extends from Troy to Buffalo on Lake Erie. The Hudson Fiord, as it may be called, is a majestic waterway, from one-half to nearly one and one-half miles wide, with the exceptions noted above. It is navigated by a large number of vessels of all kinds, and elegant passenger steamers ply upon its waters. The principal places on the river are Glens Falls, Cohoes, Troy, Albany, Hudson, Catskill, Kingston, Poughkeepsie (where is the only bridge between Albany and the sea), Newburgh, West Point (seat of the United States sining (Sing Sing), Nyack, Tarrytown, Yonkers, Military Academy), Peekskill, Haverstraw, Osboken, and Jersey City. The sailing craft, howand at the mouth of the river, New York, Hoever, whose numbers formerly added so much to the picturesqueness of the river, have to a great extent disappeared. The enormous traffic is further facilitated by the New York Central and Hudson River and the West Shore railroads, which run along either shore of the Hudson and the Mohawk. The navigable length of the Hudthe entire length of the river is about 300 miles. son from New York to Troy is 150 miles, and It was discovered by Verrazano in 1524, but first explored by Henry Hudson in 1609. It was called North River to distinguish it from the Delaware, or South River, but the English named it in honor of its explorer. Its Indian inently in the Revolutionary War (see STONY name was Shatemuc. The Hudson figured promPOINT; WEST POINT), and it was on this river that steam navigation was first successfully introduced by Robert Fulton in 1807.

HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL OF PAINTING. So called from the work produced by a number of American artists who found their subjects largely in the neighborhood of the Hudson River. Some of them lived on its banks, and the father of this group of painters was probably Cole (q.v.), who lived at Catskill. The Hudson certainly furnished charming subjects for the landscape painter's brush; but as it was exploited in art rather early in the art development of our country, it seemed to have been regarded by artists of the day as offering pictorial opportunities, rather than any grand and dramatic expressions of nature. This latter, however, it does at times present, but these phases have not been made much of by the 'school,' those painting along its shores prefer