HORNING, LETTERS OF. In Scotch law, a writ which issues to compel a party to execute or carry out a judgment or decree of the court. The writ was formerly the only form of enforcing civil decrees by imprisonment, except in the case of small debt decrees. The process has been shortened, and other forms of execution are now more commonly employed. The title of the writ is derived from the ancient custom of denouncing a person disobeying the writ with three blasts of a horn. This was technically called 'putting him to the horn.'

HORNITOS, hôr-nē'tōz, or HORNOS (Sp., little ovens). The name given to the low ovenshaped hillocks which emit smoke and vapors, and which occur in great numbers on the sides and in the neighborhood of the large volcanoes of South America.

HORNPIPE. See BLACK GUM.

HORNPIPE. A lively English dance, originally in, later in time. The universal peculiarity of the music was the length of the final rote in each phrase. Its history can be traced back to the sixteenth century in England, and to about 1740 in Scotland. During the eighteenth century it was widely popular, but since then it has been distinctively a sailor's dance.

HORNS. Under this term are commonly confused two very distinct structures forming outgrowths on the head of ungulate animals, to which order they are confined. The word ought not, strictly, to include the bony antlers of deer or the giraffe, since these, although to a certain extent epidermal outgrowths, consist of true bone built up from blood deposits, and are not at all transformed cuticle or 'horn.' Nevertheless, as Beddard points out (in Mammalia, London, 1902), the difference is one of degree rather than of kind. The simplest condition is seen in the giraffe, each of whose paired horns is a straight, bony outgrowth, the os cornu, originally separate from the skull, but becoming permanently fused with it early in life, and is covered with wholly unmodified furry skin. In deer there is the same os cornu, which may here be branched, and never becomes fused with the skull, but, on the contrary, is shed and renewed annually, and is covered with a skin modified into 'velvet' (see DEER) which decays and drops off as soon as the horn-core (antler) is perfected. Between these two falls possibly the extinct Sivatherium (q.v.), and certainly the modern pronghorn (q.v.). Here the bony core (os cornu) is fixed as in the giraffe, but begins to be branched as in the deer; and it is covered by a sheath formed of agglutinated hairs, the hairy skin beginning from the tip of the horn and proceeding downward, gradually transforming into perfect horn, which is shed and renewed annually. This is an isolated case, but connects the giraffe and deer with the Bovida, or proper 'hollow-horned' ruminants (Cavicornia). In this family the males of every species, and in most cases the females also, possess upon the top of the skull protuberances of bone

into which air-cells often extend from the frontal sinuses. These are called 'horn-cores,' and form the support of the cornubus sheaths that cover and often extend far beyond them. They are not present at birth, for obvious reasons, but begin to grow immediately afterwards. The horn sheaths grow with them, and continue even after they have reached normal size to push out at the

base as fast as they wear away at the tip. Their form and position on the head is characteristic of each group: round and lateral in the oxen; slender, retrocurved or twisted, and somewhat compressed or sharply keeled in most antelopes; heavy, cross-ridged, triangular in section, and often spiral in the sheep and goats, and so on.

Evolutionists regard horns as, in most cases, a secondary sexual character. An examination of the fossil history of the tribe shows that these appendages have been gradually acquired, and it is only recently that the females of many forms, now provided with small horns, have acquired them by heredity. Moreover, castration or injury to the reproductive organs is likely to affect the growth and size of the horns. Lastly, among the deer, where the does (except in the reindeer) are hornless, these appendages are acquired just previous to the mating season and are dropped when the breeding season is over. Their service as weapons of defense and offense is, therefore, largely, if not primarily, in contests with each other for the supremacy of the herd-that is, in the combative process of sexual selection. They are, nevertheless, in many instances, powerful weapons in resisting and attacking outside enemies. The spear-like thrusts of the lowered horns of an enraged sable, or other large, long-horned antelope, are feared even by lions and leopards, which more than once have been killed by them. The goring power of a bull is irresistible. A heavy sheep, armed with its great horn-coils, is a 'battering-ram,' indeed, not to be despised. Many, however, seem to be ornaments rather than weapons of value; or tools helpful in various ways, as snow-shovels, for one pertinent example, among the reindeer. Some of the great extinct ungulates of Tertiary time had very powerful horns, especially Coryphodon and the group of great Dinocerata, where in some cases a pair upon the forehead was supplemented by one or a pair on the snout. At present, a ruling distinction between the artiodactyls and perissodactyls is, that in the former the horns are always paired (in one modern case, Tetraceros, two pairs) and on the forehead; while in the latter they are set on the nose, and are single or two in number, one behind the other. This is the case with the rhinoceroses (of which one very early form only had a paired arrangement), where the horn is a growth from the skin of the nose, composed of a sclid mass of agglutinated hairs, based upon a knob of the underlying nasal bones.

HORN'SEY. A suburban municipality of London, England, six miles north of Saint Paul's (Map: London, C 7). It is a favorite holiday resort of Londoners, contains several parks, a public library and branches, museum, and public baths. The administration is progressive and provides artisans' dwellings, cottage allotments, etc. Population, in 1891, 44,523; in 1901, 72,000. HORN-SNAKE. See HOOP-SNAKE.

HORNSTONE. A variety of quartz, resembling flint, but more brittle, and having a structure that is more splintery. See QUARTZ.

HORNTAIL. One of a group of hymenop tèrous insects forming the superfamily Siricoidea, ranked by early writers as a series-Xylophaga, the wood-eaters. They are distinguished from the saw-flies by the fact that the fore shanks have only one spur at the tip instead of two. They are called 'horntails' because the end of the body

with the adults usually bears a spine or horn. The ovipositor is fitted for boring, and the eggs are usually laid in the woody tissue of trees and plants. The larvæ feed beneath the outer bark. The group is not a large one, but contains a number of common and interesting species in the United States. The large pigeon tremex,' for example, is often a rather serious enemy to certain shade-trees, such as the elm, sycamore, oak, and maple. The holes of this borer may be recog nized by their regular, evenly cut shape, about the diameter of a lead pencil. Another species is known as 'the willow-shoot. horntail' (Phyllæcus integer) and does much damage by ruining the terminal shoots of osier willow plantations in parts of the United States. The families included in this group are the Oryssidæ, Siricidæ, Xyphydride, and Cephide. Consult: Howard, The Insect Book (New York, 1901); Comstock, Manual for the Study of Insects (Ithaca, 1895). HOR'NUNG, ERNEST WILLIAM (1866-). An English novelist, born in Middlesborough, Yorkshire. He passed two years (1884-86) in Australia. In 1893 he married a sister of Conan Doyle. After returning to England he began a series of adventure novels dealing mostly with criminal life in Australia. Among his novels are: A Bride from the Bush (1890); Under Two Skies (1892); Tiny Luttrell (1893); Irralie's Bushranger (1896); The Rogue's March (1896); The Amateur Cracksman (1899); Dead Men Tell No Tales (1899); The Belle of Toorak (1900); The Fate of Faustina (1901); The Shadow of a Man (1901); and The Shadow of the Rope (1902).

HORNYHEAD. One of the most widespread and numerous of American minnows (Hybopsis Kentuckiensis). It is a graceful, highly colored fish, six to nine inches long, the fins all pale orange without a black spot; and the males in spring marked with a crimson spot on each side of the head. The distinguishing feature, how ever, is the tubercle-covered crest on the top of the head of the adults, and especially of the males in nuptial dress. It is a congener of the silver chub, and is known as 'river chub,' or 'jerker,' in some places.

HORODENKA, hō'ro-děn kå. A town in the Austrian Crownland of Galicia, on an affluent of the Dniester, 33 miles north-northwest of Czernowitz (Map: Austria, J 2). It has an agricultural school, linen-weaving factory, potash and scap works, and considerable trade in cereals. Population, in 1890, 11,162; in 1900, 11,615.

HOROL'OGY (from Lat. horologium, Gk. polóytov, from polóyos, hōrologos, telling the hour, from pa, hōra, hour + Móyos, logos, word, from Aéyev, legein, to say). That branch of applied science that has for its object the measurement of time. Although it is easy to look back on. a period when time, according to the modern conception of it, as measured by hours, and minutes, and seconds, was unknown, yet we find progress early made in the measurement of larger periods of time, by observations of the heavenly bodies; and although, in the later progress of astronomy, it is found that the movements of the more conspicuous heavenly bodies do not afford accurate marks for the equable measurement of time, they were, for practical objects, sufficient, and afforded at least a better measure of time than any other phenomena which came under the observation of mankind. Thus, time

It

was early divided into years, according to the motion of the sun among the constellations; into months, according to the motion of the moon relatively to the sun's place in the heavens; and into days, by the alternate light and darkness caused by the rising and setting of the sun. was long, however, before any accurate measure was found for a division of the day itself. The earliest measure employed for this purpose that we can trace is the shadow of an upright object, which gave a rough measure of time by the variations in its length and position. This suggested the invention of sun-dials. Another means early adopted for the measurement of short periods of time was by the quantity of water discharged by dropping from one vessel into another. Instruments for the measurement of time on this principle were called clepsydræ (q.v.). The running of fine sand from one vessel into another was found to afford a still more certain measure, and hence the invention of the hour

glass (q.v.). King Alfred is said to have observed the lapse of time by noting the gradual It is not very shortening of a lighted candle. easy to trace to its source the history of the invention to which the modern clock owes its parentage; the earliest clock, however, of which we have a complete description, and perhaps the earliest which attained any distinct superiority over the rude contrivances already mentioned, was the clock of Henry Vic (De Vick or De Wyck), a German, erected in the tower of the palace of Charles V., King of France, in 1379. For the description of this first mechanical timekeeper, and for the subsequent history of clock and watch making, see CLOCK; WATCH; PENDULUM; ESCAPEMENT. The history of the science of horology and of the mechanical art of the clock, watch, and chronometer maker are so intermingled that they cannot be considered separately. They nay, therefore, be found under these heads. See also TIME, STANDARD; TRAN

SIT INSTRUMENT.

HOROSCOPE (Fr. horoscope, from Lat. horoscopium, from Gk. wроσкожеtov, horoskopeion, ὡροσκόπιον, horoskopion, horoscope, from wpoOKÓTOS, horoskopos, one who observes the hour of a birth, from pa, hōra, hour + σKOTE, skopein, to view). In astrology, strictly speaking, that part of the ecliptic which is ascendant or rising in the east at the moment of an occurrence whose outcome is to be calculated, such as the birth of a child; thence, more generally, the figure of the heavens, constructed with this as starting-point, on which the subsequent predictions are to be based. See ASTROLOGY.

HORR, ROSWELL G. (1830-96). An American journalist and campaign speaker, born in Waitsfield, Vt. He graduated at Antioch College (Ohio) in 1857, served as clerk of the Court of Common Pleas of Lorain County, Ohio, from 1857 to 1863, and was subsequently admitted to the bar. He spent some years in mining in Missouri, and in 1872 resumed his law practice at Saginaw, Mich., where, in 1878, he was elected to Congress as a Republican. He was reëlected in 1880 and 1882, and after 1884 became one of the best known campaign speakers in the Republican Party, touring the country from Maine to California in the Presidential campaigns of 1884, 1888, 1892, and 1896. and attracting particular attention by his joint debates with Senator Stewart, of Nevada, in 1893, and with 'Coin'

Harvey in 1895. In 1891 he became a staff writer on the New York Tribune, to which he contributed over his name notable articles on the tariff and currency questions.

HORROCKS, JEREMIAH (c.1617-41). An English astronomer, born at Toxteth Park, near Liverpool. He entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1632, and remained there until 1635, devoting himself principally to the study of astronomy. In the latter year he returned to Toxteth and commenced, under extremely unfavorable circumstances, his original observations. In 1639 he was appointed to the curacy of Hoole, Lancashire, and in that village, on November 24, 1639 (O.S.), he made his famous observation of the transit of Venus-the first observation of this phenomenon ever made. Hearne, in his memoranda, tells us how Horrocks was called away, during his observation of the transit, "to his devotions and duty at church," the day being Sunday. Newton, in the Principia, bears honorable testimony to the value of Horrocks's astronomical work, especially commending his lunar theory as the most ingenious yet brought forward; adding, "and if I mistake not, the most accurate of all." Horrocks is frequently mentioned by the scientific men of the seventeenth century; the observation of the transit is by no means regarded as the most important of his astronomical achievements. He died suddenly at the age of about twenty-three, on January 3, 1641. Hevelius printed Horrocks's Latin treatise entitled Venus in Sole visa in 1662. In 1672 Horrocks's fragmentary works were published under the auspices of the Royal Society, being edited by Wallis, with the title Jeremia Horroccii Opera Posthuma, etc. Other works of Horrocks's perished in manuscript. HORSA. See HENGEST.

HORSCHELT, hôr'shĕlt, THEODOR (1829-71). A German painter, born in Munich. He was a pupil of the Munich Academy and of Albrecht Adam. He began with studies of horses, and afterwards painted military pictures. Among these first is "The Poacher" (1850). He then went to Spain and Algiers, and afterwards took part in the Caucasian campaign of 1858-59, and made some of its episodes the subjects of his pictures, such as: "The Seizure of Shamyl," "Taking of the Citadel on Mount Gunib," and "Cossacks Returning from a Razzia." His many water-colors of Spanish and Algerian scenes show the same vigor and spirit.

HORSE (AS. hors, OS., Icel. hross, OHG. ros, Ger. Ross; possibly connected with Lat. currere, to run, less probably with Skt. kurd, to spring, Gk. Kópôaž, kordax, wanton dance, or with AS. kreodan, OHG. rusten, Ger. rüsten, to adorn). One of a genus of pachydermatous quadrupeds of the family Equidæ (q.v.). Since the domestication of the horse it has become next to man himself the most important factor in the business and pleasures of the world, and in fact all the practical details of every-day human life. According to the monuments, the horse was introduced into Egypt at the time of the shepherd kings. His use, however, was very limited, both the Egyptians and Assyrians confining the use of the horse to warfare. Subsequently, however, his services to man increased, and he became an emblem of rank and an object of luxury or sport, as well as an aid in war.

VOL. X.-15.

The speed of a horse is its greatest asset, because it is its chief value to man. It is the recognition of this value that has been the important factor in the evolution of the horse, an animal especially plastic in the hands of the breeder. His size, form, action, and instincts are subject to modification to a degree unknown in that of any of the other larger species. During his early history modifications of type were due to the changing conditions of warfare; but to-day the principal variations of type are, to a far greater extent, due to the exigencies of commerce, or the demands of sport. It has been suggested that the different breeds of the modern domestic horse have been developed out of the interbreeding of several original wild species; this, however, is only conjecture. What is known is that domestic breeds have existed in Europe from prehistoric times, and also that they have been improved continually by blending with Oriental horses. Arabian horses are divided into three classes, which have been recognized as sub-breeds since the fifteenth century. The genuine Arabian is found in the region from Damascus to the Euphrates, as well as in Arabia proper. The breed is found in its greatest purity and excellence in the stables of the Sultan of Turkey. The Turk, or Turkish horse, found in portions of European Turkey, but principally in Asia Minor, was of considerable importance in the seventeenth century, but it has deteriorated very much since then. The Barb is a native of the Barbary States, whence its name. It is found in greater perfection among the Moors, who introduced the Barb blood into Spain during their rule in that country, and so improved the Spanish horse that for several centuries it occupied the first place throughout Europe. Spanish horses of this stock brought to America by the Spaniards are the other wild breeds common to Mexico and regarded as the progenitors of the mustangs and California. (See heading, The Horse in America.) About the middle of the sixteenth century Italian and Spanish horses (the former heavy types, and the latter, owing to their Barb blood, very much lighter and fleeter) were in the greatest demand. It is during this period that horsemanship (q.v.) began to be studied as a science, the first book concerning which was published by Grisoni in Italy in 1552. The Italians were also the first to take up the teaching of horsemanship as an accomplishment, after which riding came into vogue throughout Western Europe. English thoroughbred is spread over a larger portion of the earth to-day than is that of any other breed, and the literature bearing upon it equals that of all the other animals combined. It is used more than any other to improve the blood of horses of general utility throughout the world, and, according to statistics, more capital is influenced by it than by any other two or three breeds combined.

The

The history of English horse-breeding has been divided into three periods: the first extending from the earliest records to the end of the sixteenth century; the second from the accession of James I. to the first year of the Stud Book (q.v.), 1791 (in which period the thoroughbred came into existence); and the third period extending to the present time, in which the thoroughbred has become a clearly defined as well as a pure breed. The original British horse was a small pony, shaggy and hardy, and rarely more

than 14 hands high, but the importation of stallions from Spain, Italy, and France improved the breed from time to time. During the Crusades and the consequent general use of heavy armor, which continued up to about the year 1600, large horses came into vogue. A knight in armor, together with his horse-accoutrements, weighed from 350 to 425 pounds, so that during the age of chivalry all breeding was directed toward improvements in the size of the horse. Stallions under a certain size were condemned by law, and in 1217 one hundred stallions were imported from Normandy, and for nearly five hundred years subsequently size was sought for rather than speed; thus laying the foundation of the different modern breeds of British draught-horses. What was the case in England was equally so with the nations of Western Europe and their horses; so that the horse of this period is particularly remarkable for its broad chest, heavy neck, and round buttocks. With the appearance of gunpowder and firearms, and the disappearance of armor, these breeds became useless for the purpose of warfare, which now demanded fleetness as a first essential. They passed, however, to a greater sphere of usefulness, and to-day constitute the heavy draught breeds known as the Dutch and Flemish, the Percherons (q.v.) of France, the Clydesdale of Scotland, and the cart and shire horse of England (see SHIRE HORSE).

Before the days of the tournaments in England large horses were scarcely known, but the needs of the knights compelled the keeping of a sufficient number, so that by intermixture with smaller native animals the size of the British horse gradually increased; but the result proved that, although they were bigger, they did not rearly possess the qualities of the smaller horse. During the Crusades the excellence of the Saracen horses deeply impressed the British Crusaders, who brought many Asiatic horses with them on their return to England. The Eastern horses were Barbs, Turks, Arabs, and Persians, not more than 14% hands high, and it is to them that the English horse owes in part its present conspicuous qualities. Laws were passed to promote the breeding of large horses by improving the type of British ponies. During the reign of Henry VIII. it was ordained by law that no stallion less than 15 hands and no mare less than 13 hands should run wild in the country. Colts two years of age and under 11% hands high were not permitted to run on any moors, forests, or commons where mares were pastured, and to guard against any mishaps it was further ordered that at Michael mastide the magistrates of the neighborhood were to search the countryside, the forests, and the commons, for the purpose of destroying all stal lions under the required height, as well as "all unlikely tits, whether mares or foals." Prelates and nobles, and every one whose wife wore a velvet bonnet, were compelled to do their "leaping and riding upon stallions not less than 15 hands high." There were two classes of horses through out the country: the first a "very indifferent, strong, slow, heavy draught-horse," and the second "light and weak." Private matches were often arranged, showing that speed was becoming a greater factor than size and weight.

Although there had been public horse-racing in Elizabeth's time, it was not until James I. ascended the throne that horse-racing was legally established. He introduced into England the

turf.

Markham Arab, which was known to be a purebred animal, and in many other ways did much to improve the breed of horses. A distinction was drawn between race-horses and common horses; the race-horses were trained for their competitions, and 140 pounds was the average weight of a professional jockey. During the reign of Charles I. a memorial was presented to the King bewailing the gradual disappearance of stout horses fit for the defense of the country, by stating that the breed of strong horses was likely to disappear unless measures were taken for their propagation. The tournament was no more, the pack-horse had practically disappeared, the introduction of the coach had removed a large part of the pack from the horse's back, and everything was done to encourage cross-breeding with foreign importations. From such ancestors the modern thoroughbred has descended. After the civil wars and during the reign of Charles II. the race-courses at Newmarket and at Datchet Mead, near Windsor, were laid out, and the King himself became the first great supporter of the The most conspicuous English horseman of this time was the Duke of Newcastle, who in 1667 published his celebrated work on horsemanship, the reading of which is said to have so interested Charles that he became the largest individual importer of foreign blood in the country. The Stuart kings maintained magnificent studs and constantly employed purchasing agents to secure the best Oriental blood; but, unfortunately, the pedigree of many of these animals is largely a matter of tradition, owing to the fact that the Stud Book had not been issued. In spite of the infusion of foreign blood, however, the English race-horse in the time of the Stuarts was a clumsy-looking animal in comparison with the pure Oriental type, or with the race-horse of today. He was strong and of large build, but neither as elegant nor as swift on the race-course as was the Barb. The combination of native English stock and such horses as the Helmsley Turk, Byerly Turk, Pace's White Turk, D'Arcy's White Turk, Selaby Turk, and by such Barbary stallions as Dodsworth, Carwen, Bay Barb, Greyhound, Compton Barb, and Toulouse Barb, produced a horse remarkable for its well-proportioned locomotive parts, legs, shoulders, etc., strong carcass and deep chest, the typical animal of speed and endurance.

Since the middle of the eighteenth century the practice of interbreeding with Oriental blood has been discontinued, and although half-bred horses were raced until the first part of the nineteenth century, the thoroughbred has ever since the foundation of the 'racing calendar' been the recog nized race-horse, and his pedigree has been strictly and authentically kept. During the seventeenth century speed was not the sole qualification of a race-horse; it was required to have strength and endurance. From racing matured horses at long distances, it was an easy transition to shorten the length of the course and increase the speed of the horse, besides which, the element of gambling entered into the sport, and it soon happened that three-year-old horses were used in the races. It was found, however, that they could not 'stay' the old four-mile course. so that of necessity the distances had to be reduced to accommodate the horses. The result of this policy is seen in modern horse-racing (q.v.), in which two-year-old horses developed for speed