or typical hornbills, of which there are many genera and species scattered over Northwestern Africa, India, and the Oriental region. All are rather large birds, the biggest five feet in length from the tip of the beak to the end of the tail; have long, full tails, and strong feet, fitted for arboreal habits. Their colors are mainly black and white; the great bills are yellow, often strongly marked with red and black. They are omnivorous, and in captivity show an ostrichlike voracity, swallowing anything offered, bones and all. The food is always caught in the tip of the bill, then tossed into the air and recaught. In nature they feed largely upon flowers and fruit, cut from their fastenings by the saw-edged beak. Their flight is slow and heavy, but it may be long sustained. It is said to be very noisy, the sound of the wings of a large hornbill being audible for a mile, and when two or three are flying together the noise is said to resemble a steam-engine.

BREEDING HABITS. Some, if not all of the species, have the remarkable habit of imprisoning the female during incubation. This is done by stopping up the entrance to the nest, which is in a hollow tree, with mud or excrement. There seems to be some doubt whether it is done from the outside by the male, using mud, or from the inside by the female, using her own excrement. Perhaps the method differs in different species. In any case, a small opening is left through which the female can extend her bill and secure the food which the male brings. Such nests are an excellent protection against enemies, and are said to be used repeatedly. The young are born

naked.

This remarkable method of nidification is connected with a strange feature of bird economy first noticed and studied by Bartlett, who shows (Proceedings Zoological Society of London, 1869) that hornbills, at intervals, cast the epithelial layer of their gizzards-a layer formed by the secretions of certain glands. This is ejected entire in the form of a bag, the mouth of which is closely folded, and which is filled with the fruit the bird has been eating. Whether these castings form a nutritious and partly digested supply of food for the sitting female is not known. Consult Newton, Dictionary of Birds, London, 1896. SPECIES. The bird ordinarily presented as 'the' hornbill is Buceros rhinoceros, from the East Indies, which was known and quaintly described, from preserved heads alone, by Pliny and the naturalists of the Middle Ages. A closely allied species of Java (Buceros sylvestris) is shown on the accompanying plate. Another style of casque, the flat table, is shown in Figure 1 of the plate (Hydrocorax planicornis, of the Philippines), which illustrates almost equally well the homurai' of India (Dichoceros bicornis), whose plate-casque is bent into a trough, and terminates in two horns in front. This familiar species is found eastward to Sumatra, where also, among other kinds, lives that solid-casqued one (Rhinoplax galeatus), out of whose 'helmet' ivory-like ornaments are carved. This seems to be a remarkable species in several ways. Another curious form of peak is that of the Papuan Phylidoceros plicatus, in which the top of the bill has numerous curving transverse folds. Prominent among African genera are the trumpeter hornbills, one species of which is the 'crested' (Bycanistes cristatus). Here the beak is com

paratively short. In some genera the bill approaches the shape of a toucan's, and has little or no casque. A history of the family, with colored plates, by D. G. Elliot, entitled Monograph of the Bucerotida, was published in London in 1882. An excellent popular account is given in the Royal Natural History (London, 1895). See Plate of HORNBILLS AND TOUCANS.

HORNBILL CUCKOO. A channelbill (q.v.). HORNBLENDE (horn + blende, Ger. Blende, black variety of amphibole that crystallizes in from blenden, to blind). A greenish-black or the monoclinic system, and is a ferrous magneboth in crystals and granular masses. blende is a common constituent of various igneous rocks, such as granite, syenite, diorite, and those of more basic composition. Hornblende schist and hornblende slate are varieties of rocks that contain hornblende with more or less feldspar, of hornblende are sometimes called schorl, and quartz, or mica. The black crystallized varieties may be cut into ornaments.

sium-calcium-aluminum silicate. It is found Horn

HORN BLENDITE. An igneous rock of granitic texture very largely composed of hornblende. Hornblendite occurs in the so-called Cortland series of eruptives in the Highlands of the Hudson River, near Peekskill, N. Y.

HORNBLOWER, or HORN-WORM. A local name in the Southern United States for the tobacco-worm (Protoparce Carolina). See ToBACCO PESTS.

HORNBOOK. The primer for learning the elements of reading, used in England before the of George II. It consisted of a single leaf, condays of printing, and common down to the time taining on one side the alphabet large and small, in black letter or in Roman, often followed by a exorcism and the Lord's Prayer, and the Roman number of monosyllables. Then came a form of numerals. The leaf was usually set in a frame of wood, with a slice of transparent horn in front; hence the name. There was a handle usually with a hole for a string, whereby the apparatus was slung to the girdle of the scholar. Sometimes the leaf was simply pasted against a slice of horn. At first the leaf was of vellum, with the characters in writing; later, of paper, ornamented with figures of the cross, and hence and printed. The hornbook was prefaced and came to be often called Christcross-row, or Crisscross-row. Common as hornhooks at one time were, copies of them are now exceedingly

rare.

with illustrations and facsimiles (London, 1897). Consult Tues, History of the Hornbook,

HORN'BY, Sir GEOFFREY THOMAS PHIPPS (1825-95). An English admiral, son of Admiral Sir Phipps Hornby (1785-1867), born at Winwick, Lancashire. He entered the navy when he was twelve; was present at the bombardment of Acre; served under Wyvill hunting slavers (184446) and under his father in the Pacific (1846-50); and was sent to Hong Kong (1858) and took the Tribune to Vancouver's Island, then disputed property, and to all appearances the probable source of open war. He became vice-admiral and Lord of Admiralty in 1875, and two years afterwards was put in command of operations in the Mediterranean. In February, 1878, he 'proceeded to Constantinople,' in spite of the protests of the Turkish Government, and prepared to meet any

attack on the city by Russia. He was made an admiral (1879), president of the Royal Naval College (1881-82), and Admiral of the Fleet (1888). Consult the life by his daughter, Mrs. Edgerton (London, 1896).

HORNE, GEORGE (1730-92). An English bishop, born at Otham. He was educated at Oxford, and spent the greater part of his life there, becoming principal of Magdalen College in 1768, and in 1776 vice-chancellor of the university. He was made Dean of Canterbury in 1781, and in 1790 Bishop of Norwich. His only important work, A Commentary on the Psalms (1771), exhibits a deep acquaintance with Hebrew and biblical lore, and is marked by a spirit of earnest piety. He wrote many pamphlets against such antagonists as Sir Isaac Newton, Hume, Adam Smith, and David Law, all of whom he ludicrously underrated. He adopted the views of John Hutchinson (q.v.), and wrote in his defense.

HORNE, RICHARD HENGIST (1803-84). An English author. He was born in London; received a military education, and served as a midshipman in the Mexican Navy during the war of that country with Spain. After a few years spent in adventurous wanderings, he returned to England, and from 1828 devoted himself to literature. In 1837 he published two tragedies, Cosmo de Medici and The Death of Marlowe. But he is best known as the author of Orion: An Epic Poem (1843). During the period 1839-46, he carried on a correspondence with Elizabeth Barrett (afterwards Mrs. Browning), and her letters to him were afterwards published in two volumes in 1877. A report prepared by him on the employment of children in mines and factories inspired Mrs. Browning's Cry of the Children. Going to Australia in 1852, he served as a gold-fields commissioner and a magistrate, and published Australian Facts and Figures (1859). Returning in 1869, he wrote thereafter a number of books, few of which were of any special note.

HORNE, THOMAS HARTWELL (1780-1862). An English Bible scholar. He was born in London, October 20, 1780, was educated at Christ's Hospital, and became clerk to a barrister. His leisure hours were devoted to study and to miscellaneous literary labors. In 1818 he published his Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures (11th ed. 1860), a work which procured for him admission into orders without the usual preliminaries. In it he presented the results of seventeen years of hard work. In 1824 he became senior assistant librarian in the department of printed books in the British Museum. In 1831 he became a prebendary of Saint Paul's Cathedral; in 1833 rector of the united parishes of Saint Edward the King and Martyr and Saint Nicolas Acons, London. He resigned his assistant librarianship in 1860. He died in London, January 27, 1862. Consult his life by his daughter, Mrs. S. A. Chevne (London, 1862).

HORNED DACE. A fish. See DACE. HORNED FROG. One of the large toad-like South American frogs of the genus Ceratophrys, especially Ceratophrys cornuta, which has hornlike protuberances on the head. It is one of the most beautiful frogs known. The ground colors are black, brown, and green, with an orange stripe over the head and back; and these

colors are irregularly and most pleasingly arranged and blended. Various other gaudy and interesting species are known in the American tropics. See Colored Plate of FROGS AND TOADS, under TOAD.

HORNED GREBE. See GREBE.

HORNED LARK. See SHORE-LARK.

HORNED OWL. Any owl with plumicorns, that is, tufts of upright feathers on the top of the head which simulate horns. The eagle owls (q.v.) are thus distinguished, and their American representative is commonly called the great horned owl.' Other horned species are mentioned and iustrated under OWL.

HORNED PHEASANT.

A sportsman's name in India for the tragopans (Ceriornis), especially the black-headed species (Ceriornis Satyrus), common in the Eastern Himalayas.

HORNED POUT. See BULLIIEAD; CATFISH. HORNED RATTLESNAKE, or SIDEWINDER. See RATTLESNAKE.

HORNED SCREAMER. A bird. See SCREAMER.

HORNED TOAD, or HORNED FROG. The common name of several short-legged, depressed, toad-like horny lizards, all of which occur in North America. According to Cope and others containing eleven species, eight of which occur in there are two genera, Phrynosoma and Anota, the United States. Anota differs from Phrynoconcealed by a scaly integument. Horned toads soma only in the fact that the tympanic drum is range from British America into Mexico. They feed mainly on insects, which they capture with a rapid thrusting out of their mucilaginous tongues. They are sluggish, harmless lizards, with little power of self-defense save their pointed scales, which, when bristled up, are a disagreeable mouthful for snakes, their most formidable foes. They will, however, fight and even kill a snake small enough to be an even match. Some of the species are said to squirt blood from the eyes when much irritated. The majority of the species are desert inhabitants, and escape pursuit by hiding beneath the prickly agaves, vuccas, and cacti of the plains. Other species live in cedar and pine belts. Both those forms that live on the bare stones or sand of the plains and those that occur in the pine belt are remarkably well protected by resemblance to their background. The young, a dozen or more at a time, are born from eggs, which are laid by the mother only an hour or so before they are ready to hatch. When the little ones emerge they are able to begin at once to catch and eat minute insects. Both young and old make interesting pets, largely because of their amusing irascibility, and can be taught to take flies from the hand, and do other simple things. See LIZARD; and Plate of IGUANA AND OTHER AMERICAN LIZARDS. HORNED VIPER. See VIPER.

HOR'NELLSVILLE. A city in Steuben County, N. Y., 91 miles southeast of Buffalo, on the Canisteo River, and on the Erie and other railroads (Map: New York, C 3). It has a free academy, a public library of 10.000 volumes, and public parks; and manufactures brick, silks, white goods, railway supplies, furniture, leather, sash, doors, and blinds. The government is administered under a revised charter of 1890, which

provides for a mayor, elected biennially, in whose power, subject to the consent of the council, rest the appointments to subordinate offices; and a unicameral council. Settled in 1790, Hornellsville was part of Canisteo, and was called Upper Canisteo until 1820, when it was incorporated as a separate town under its present name, given in honor of Judge George Hornell, who was prominent in the town's early history. Population, in 1890, 10,996; in 1900, 11,918.

HORN'ER, FRANCIS (1778-1817). A British statesman and political economist. He entered Edinburgh University in 1792, but left before finishing his course to take up the study of law, and was called to the Scotch bar in 1800. Later, in 1807, after a course at Lincoln's Inn, London, he started practice in the western circuit of England. Elected to Parliament in 1806, he sided with the Whigs, gaining special prominence in the debates on questions of finance and political economy. Horner was very much interested in the 'bullion' question which arose in 1810, and was chairman of the committee which drew up the first report on the subject. The recommendations embodied therein failed of adoption, but as a result of his influence, restrictions were placed upon the issue of paper money, thus paving the way for the success of Peel's Currency Reform Bill in 1841. Horner was one of the three original founders of the Edinburgh Review, to which he was a frequent contributor. Consult Horner, Memoirs and Correspondence of Francis Horner (Boston, 1853).

HORNER, WILLIAM EDMONDS (1793-1853). An American physician, born in Warrenton, Va. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1814, was surgeon for a time in the United States Navy, and from 1831 until his death was professor of anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania. In 1847 he founded Saint Joseph's Hospital. In 1824 he announced the discovery of the muscle (tensor tarsi) known as 'Horner's muscle.' He published a number of medical works, including: Pathological Anatomy; Practical Anatomist (1856); Special Anatomy and Histology (8th ed. 1851); The United States Dissector (5th ed. 1856); and superintended the preparation of an Anatomical Atlas by Henry H. Smith (1844).

HORNER, WILLIAM GEORGE (1786-1837). An English algebraist. He was educated at Kingswood School, near Bristol, and afterwards became master there. He also established a school at Bath (1809), where he remained until his death. He had no university training, and was not a profound mathematician. He is known solely for his discovery of the ingenious algorism for approximating the roots of higher numerical equations, which was made known in a paper read before the Royal Society in 1819, and published in the Philosophical Transactions. The process is commonly known in England and America as Horner's method, and may be found in any higher algebra. Related to it is a process of synthetic division which also bears his name. HORNES, PHILIP, Count of. See HOORNE. HORNET (AS. hyrnet, hurnitu, OHG. hornuz, hornaz, Ger. Horniss; connected with Lat. crabro, OChurch Slav. srusheni, Lith. szirszone, hornet, OChurch Slav. srusha, Lith. szirszu, wasp; less plausibly connected with horn, either from its antennæ or from its buzzing sound). A name ap

plied to several large stinging insects belonging to the family Vespida and genus Vespa. They differ from Polistes, the other common genus of this family, in having larger, thicker bodies, and always inclosing their nests with a grayish paper covering. In color, they are usually black or dark brown, conspicuously ornamented with white or yellow. The hornet builds its nest, which is in the form of a number of combs placed one above another, in a hole in the ground, or in the open, attached to the branches of a tree, or under the eaves of buildings. Its manner of constructing the nest and caring for the young is the same as that described elsewhere under the title WASP. It is among the most voracious of insects, eagerly laps up all sorts of sweets, and seizes and devours other insects of various kinds. One of the most common species in the United States is Vespa maculata, which builds its great nest in the branches of trees. It is very vigilant, and especially irritable when attending to the duties of its nest, but it may often be found hibernating in the autumn and winter in decaying wood, when it may be handled with impunity. The European hornet (Vespa crabro) has been accidentally introduced into the United States, and has established itself in the vicinity of New York City. Its spread has been very slow, and although its original introduction and establishment must have taken place many years ago, it is still apparently restricted to an area of little over 100 miles square. See WASP; and consult the authorities there referred to.

HORNE-TOOKE, JOHN. See TOOKE. HORN-FLY. A European fly (Hæmatobia serrata), which was imported into the United States about 1888, multiplied with excessive rapidity, and soon spread over the entire country. It breeds in cow-dung, and with very great rapidity and prolificacy. It is a biting fly, and greatly annoys cattle. The name 'horn-fly' is de

HORN-FLY.

The adult horn-fly; and a cow's horn about the base of which is clustered a swarm of the flies.

rived from a habit which the flies have of clustering in great numbers so as to form black bands around the bases of the horns of cattle. They do not damage the horns, as has been supposed, but simply rest in this location, where they cannot easily be reached by the cow. Consult: Lintner, "The Cow-Horn Fly," in The Country Gentleman (London, 1897); Parrot, "Horn-Fly Remedy," in the Kansas Farmer (Topeka, 1899); Osborn, Insects Affecting Domestic Animals (Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1896).