slightly glutinous, sticking in clumps to rocks, etc., on the bottom. The young herring probably remain on the shallow spawning beds all the year. At this period of spawning they swim in great schools, and are taken in vast numbers for commercial purposes. The herring fisheries are very extensive both in Europe and America. The estimated annual catch is 3,000,000,000, weigh ing one-half that many pounds. They are largely smoked, salted, and canned. The young in certain regions are canned as sardines. Fresh herring are much used as bait for cod and other fishes taken by line. See FISHERIES.

Herring live on minute crustaceans and larval forms of a great variety of animals, which they strain out of the water, and are themselves preyed upon to an enormous extent by cod, haddock, sharks, and other fishes, and by sea-birds. The common herring (Clupea harengus) frequents both sides of the Atlantic southward to the thirty-seventh parallel. It attains a maximum length of about 17 inches, the usual average being about 12 inches. The California herring (Clupea Pallasi) strongly resembles the Atlantic one in form and habit, and is about equally abun dant and an important food-fish. There are other less valuable species, belonging to this or a related genus. Thus the various species of alewife (q.v.) are known as 'herrings,' with distinguishing adjectives. The 'lake' or 'Michigan herring,' however, is an entirely unrelated form, being a salmonoid (see Cisco), although greatly resem bling the common herring in form and general appearance. Consult, for an extensive natural history of the herring family, Goode, Fishery Industries, Section I. (Washington, 1884). See Plate of HERRING AND SHAD.

HERRING, JOHN FREDERICK (1795-1865). An English animal painter, born in Surrey. He was for many years a coachman, and during this time and afterwards devoted himself to painting pictures of horses. His racing and coaching pic tures have often been lithographed. The "York Stage," the "Mail Coach," and the "Mail Change" are spirited representations of methods of traveling in the early days of the last century. He also did a series of portraits of the Derby and St. Leger winners. His genre picture, "A Frugal Meal," is in the National Gallery, London.

HERRING-GULL. See GULL.

HERRING-HOG. A porpoise; especially, in New England, the common small harbor porpoise, also called 'puffing pig.' See PORPOISE. HERRINGS, BATTLE OF THE. See FASTOLF, Sir JOHN.

HERR'MANN, ALEXANDER (1844-96). An American prestidigitateur, born in Paris. After public performances in various European cities from 1856, he appeared in 1861 in the United States, and in the same year was naturalized. He traveled professionally all over the world, even to the Far East, the home of the sleight-ofhand art, where he was received with amazement. In 1874 he made his first transcontinental tour of the United States. As a master of pure sleight-of-hand, and as a performer who united the entertaining with the mystifying, he has perhaps never been surpassed.

HERRMANN, her'mån, or HEERMANS, har'måns, or HARMAN, här'mån, AUGUSTINE (1605-86). An American colonist, active chiefly

in the affairs of New Netherlands, and afterwards in those of Maryland. He was born in Prague, Bohemia, and after receiving an excellent training in modern languages and mercantile life, entered the service of the Dutch West India Company. It is said that he came to Virginia in 1629, and that he was the original founder of the tobacco trade of that colony. Having settled in New Amsterdam in 1643, he began to take an important share in the civic life of the Dutch settlements, and was of much service in regulating the relations of New Netherlands with Rhode Island and Maryland. Having been sent to Maryland in 1659 to uphold the rights of New Netherlands as against the claim of Lord Baltimore to the Delaware River, he presented the case of his colony with great force, and the State of Delaware is believed to have owed its existence to the arguments established on that occasion. He later obtained from Lord Baltimore a charter to found Cecil town and county in Maryland, and induced some New Amsterdam people to go there with him. Having made a valuable map of Maryland and Virginia, he received land grants amounting in all to 30,000 acres, with manorial privileges. He was given the title of Lord of Bohemia Manor, became a member of the Governor's Council, a justice of Baltimore County, and in 1678 was made a commissioner to treat with the Indians. His descendants were lords of Bohemia Manor until 1735.

HERRMANN, her mån, ERNST ADOLF (181284). A German historian, born at Kämmerswalde. He studied at Dorpat, and at Berlin under Ranke, and then lived in Dorpat (1837-39)

and in Dresden. In 1847 he became docent at Jena, then professor of history there, and afterwards (1857) at Marburg. His work was mostly on the history of Russia; especially important was his completion of Strahl's Geschichte des russischen Staates (1846-66). Among his other writings are: Beiträge zur Geschichte des russischen Reichs (1843); Die österreichisch-preussische Allianz vom 7. Februar 1792 und die zweite Teilung Polens (1861), which was an attack on Sybel; and Peter der Grosse und der Zarewitsch Alexei (1880).

HERRNHUT, hĕrn'hōōt. A small town in the Kingdom of Saxony, situated on the southern slope of the Hutberg, 11 miles from Zittau (Map: Germany, F 3). It is noted throughout Germany as the central seat of the Moravian Brotherhood. The town has manufactures of linen, furniture, etc., the products of Herrnhut being famous all over Germany. The community was founded in 1722 by a colony of persecuted Moravians, some of whom were descended from the old Bohemian and Moravian Brethren. In coming into Saxony they were sheltered and protected by the pious Count Zinzendorf, to whom Herrnhut belonged. Population, in 1900, 1242, including

830 Moravians.

of the investing forces, and at the close of the war received the surrender of the Confederate forces west of the Mississippi. He resigned in 1865, entered on the practice of law in New Orleans, was United States marshal of the District of Louisiana from 1867 to 1869, and was Secretary of State of Louisiana in 1872-73. He subsequently practiced law in New York City. HERRON, GEORGE DAVIS (1862–). An American clergyman and writer, born in Montezuma, Md., and educated at Ripon College, Wisconsin. He held Congregational pastorates at Lake City, Minn., and Burlington, Iowa, and in 1893 became professor of applied Christianity in Iowa College. Opposition to his teachings led him to resign in 1900, and he then initiated a social crusade in Chicago and New York, founded the Social Crusader, and lectured upon "The Economics of the Kingdom of Heaven" and similar topics, chiefly advocating a transformation of the present economic order into conformity with the Christian principle of the brotherhood of men. He aroused great controversy throughout religious circles generally in 1901 by his separation from his wife, his second marriage, and his published theories regarding a free marriage relation. At a meeting of the Iowa Congregational Council he was deposed from membership. His principal writings are: The Larger Christ (1891); The Call of the Cross (1892); A Plea for the Gospel (1892); The New Redemption (1893); The Christian Society (1894); The Christian State (1895); Between Cæsar and Jesus (1899).

HERSCHEL, her'shel, CAROLINE LUCRETIA (1750-1848). A German-English astronomer, sister of Sir William Herschel. She lived in Hanover till 1772, when she came to England to live with her brother at Bath. When he turned astronomer, she became his constant helper, and on his being appointed private astronomer to George III. acted as his assistant in the famous observatory at Slough, receiving a small salary from the King. She found time for a series of independent observations with a small Newtonian tele

scope made for her by her brother. Her special Occupation was to scan the heavens for comets, seven of which she discovered, in regard to five of which she has the credit of priority of discovery; and several remarkable nebulæ and clusters of stars included in her brother's catalogues were described from her original observations. In 1798 she published A Catalogue of Stars taken from Mr. Flamsteed's Observations, etc. This work was published at the expense of the Royal Society, and contained 561 stars omitted in the British catalogue. She lived with her brother during the whole of his career, and on his death, in 1822, returned to her native country. In 1828 the Royal Society conferred on her their gold medal for completing the catalogue of nebulæ and clusters of stars observed by her brother. She was afterwards chosen an honorary member of the Royal Society. Consult: Mary C. Herschel, Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel (London, 1876): Clerke, The Herschels and Modern Astronomy (London, 1895).

HERSCHEL, Sir JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM (1792-1871). An eminent English astronomer, the only son of the astronomer William Herschel. He was born at Slough, near Windsor, March 7, 1792, and was educated at Saint John's College,

Cambridge. His first publication was A Collection of Examples of the Application of the Calculus of Finite Differences (1820). In 1822 he applied himself especially to astronomy, using his father's methods and instruments in observing the heavens. For a time he worked with Sir James South in reëxamining the nebulæ and clusters of stars described in his father's The results of the reëxamination catalogues. were given in 1833 to the Royal Society in the form of a catalogue. The catalogue contained observations on 525 nebula and clusters of stars not noticed by his father, and on a great number of double stars-in all, between 3000 and 4000. His "Treatise on Sound" appeared in the Encyclopædia Metropolitana in 1830, and his "Treatise on the Theory of Light" in the same work in 1831, in which year also appeared in Lardner's Cyclopædia his "Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy." In 1836 appeared his "Treatise on Astronomy," in Lardner's Cyclopædia. At this time Herschel was at the Cape of Good Hope, where he arrived in January, 1834, with the intention of completing the survey of the sidereal heavens by examining the Southern Hemisphere as he had done the Northern. Here he established his observatory at a place called On Feldhausen, six miles from Table Bay. March 5, 1834, he commenced his observations, which were embodied in his Results of Astronomical Observations Made During 1834-38 at the Cape of Good Hope; Being a Completion of a Telescopic Survey of the Whole Surface of the Visible Heavens, Commenced in 1825 (1847). On his return to England, in 1838, honors were showered on him. He got the Royal Society's gold medal in 1826; he now was made a D.C.L. of Oxford, was created a baronet, succeeded the Duke of Sussex as president of the Royal Society, and in 1848 he became president of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1849 he published his Outlines of Astronomy. In 1850 he was appointed master of the mint. This office, on account of ill health, he resigned in 1855. Consult Clerke, The Herschels and Modern Astronomy (London, 1895). For a list of his con

tributions, consult the Royal Society's great catalogue.

HERSCHEL, Sir WILLIAM (1738-1822). An eminent German-English astronomer, born at Hanover, Germany, November 15, 1738. The son of a musician, he was educated specially as a professional musician. In 1757 he went to England, where he became a teacher of music in the town of Leeds, from which he went to Halifax as organist, and subsequently (1766) in the same capacity to Bath. Here he would seem to have first turned his attention to astronomy. Wanting a telescope, and unable to afford a reflector, he made one for himself-a Newtonian, of five feet focal length-and with this applied himself to study the heavens. In 1781 he made his first discovery, a new planet, which at first he took for a comet. It was detected by an exhaustive process of surveying the heavens, which Herschel was the first to follow, taking the stars in regular series, and examining them in all their groups through the same instrument. The result of his discovery was his appointment to be private astronomer to George III., with a salary of £200 a year. He then went to live at Slough, near Windsor, where, assisted by his sister Caro

line (q.v.), he continued his researches. He was knighted by George III., and made a D.C.L. by the University of Oxford; he became rich, partly through his wife's jointure, and partly through selling mirrors for reflecting telescopes. He died at Slough, August 25, 1822.

Herschel contributed sixty-nine papers to the Philosophical Transactions between the years 1780 and 1815, and to the first volume of Memoirs of the Astronomical Society he contributed a paper, "On the Places of 145 New Double Stars." He greatly added to our knowledge of the solar system; he discovered Uranus and six satellites, and two satellites of Saturn. Besides this, he determined the period of rotation of Saturn and that of Venus, the existence of the motions of binary stars, the first revelation of systems be-. sides our own. He threw new light on the Milky Way and the constitution of nebulæ, and, in fact, was the first to give the human mind any conception of the immensity of the universe. When in 1780 he began his researches, less than 150 nebula were known, but as a result of his observations the number increased to nearly 2500, and through him the nebula acquired a new importance in the universe. He advanced, in the earlier period of his researches, the theory that the nebula were clusters of stars, the component stars being too faint, on account of their immense distance, to be seen separately. For the explanation of some of the nebulæ, among them the nebulæ of Orion, he, however, reverted to the

old theory, that the nebula were masses composed

of a shining fluid of a nature unknown to us. His catalogue of double stars, nebulæ, etc., and tables of the comparative brightness of stars, and his researches in regard to light and heat, would of themselves entitle him to the first rank as an astronomer and physicist. He erected a monster reflecting telescope, as it was then considered, of 40 feet focal length and 4-foot apertures. It was begun in 1785 and finished in 1789, on August 28th of which year he, by means of it, detected the sixth satellite of Saturn, and on the 17th of September a seventh. Consult Holden, Sir William Herschel: His Life and Works (New York, 1881).

HERSCHELL, FARRER, Lord (1837-99). An English lawyer and politician. After completing his education at Bonn and University College, London, he entered at the bar in 1860, and in twelve years was Queen's counsel. He was recorder of Carlisle in 1873-80, member of Parliament for Durham (1874-85), Solicitor-General under Gladstone (1880), and was knighted the same year. He was raised to the peerage six years later and made Lord Chancellor. He was president of the royal commission to inquire into the proceedings of the Metropolitan Board of Works (1888). and once more Lord Chancellor in 1892. He died in Washington, D. C., while serving as chairman of the Anglo-American Joint High Commission.

as those of the Duc d'Angoulême, Louis Philippe, and Queen Amélie. Hersent is an excellent representative of the classic school of David.

HERSFELD, hĕrs'felt. An ancient town in the Prussian Province of Hesse-Nassau, situated on the Fulda, 23 miles by rail from Fulda (Map: Prussia, C 3). It still retains a portion of its old fortifications, and contains an old church dating from the thirteenth century; the ruins of a collegiate church, originally built in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and destroyed by the French in 1761; the remains of the Benedictine Abbey of Hersfeld; and an old Rathaus. There are manufactures of cloth, cotton goods, and by Lullus, Archbishop of Mainz, enjoyed great leather. The Abbey of Hersfeld, founded in 770, 1890, 6758; in 1900, 7908. renown through the Middle Ages. Population, in

A

HERSTAL, her'stål, or HERISTALL. manufacturing and mining place in the Province of Liège, Belgium, extending along the left bank of the Meuse for about three miles immediately below the city of Liège, of which it may be considered a suburb (Map: Belgium, D4). It has extensive metal-works and coal-mines in the vicinity; its population is made up chiefly of the workingmen employed in the mills and mines. Some ruins still exist of the Castle of Herstal, the birthplace of Pepin le Gros (father of Charles Martel, and great-grandfather of Charlemagne), from which he has his title of Pepin of Herstal. Population, in 1890, 13,877; in 1900, 18,195.

HERTEL, her'tel, ALBERT (1843-). A German painter, born in Berlin. He studied at the Berlin Academy, where he became professor in 1875, and of which he was elected a member in 1901. His landscapes are notable for style and fine coloring; among them are: "The Via Flaminia" (1872); "Olive Harvest in Capri" (1872); "After the Storm on the Coast of Genoa" (1878) and "Northern Coast Scene with Fishermen Returning" (1883), both in the National Gallery, Berlin; "Road Between Rapallo and Santa Margherita" (1892, bought by Emperor William II.); and "View in the Roman Campagna" (1896). He also painted decorative subjects.

HERTEL DE ROUVILLE, âr'těl' de roo'vel', FRANCIS (1643-1722). A Canadian soldier, born in Three Rivers, Maurice County, Quebec. As a woodsman and Indian fighter he was widely known for valor and resourcefulness. Captured by the Iroquois in 1681, he bore various tortures with such fortitude that, instead of being put to death, he was adopted by the tribe. After a time, however, he escaped from the Indians and rejoined his comrades. Acting as one of Frontenac's lieutenants in 1690, he ravaged settlements in the lower part of Maine, escaped by adroitness from the greatly superior force of the English colonists, and united with the band attacking Falmouth, now Portland, where his strategy aided in the speedy capture of the village. Louis XIV. promised to reward him with letters of nobility, which he did not receive, however, until twenty-six years afterwards.

HERTER, ALBERT (1871-). An American figure painter, born in New York City. He stud ied at the Art Students' League there and at Corman's, and under J. P. Laurens in Paris. Afterwards he traveled in Japan, and was influ