Christian nation; the three allied Princes looking on themselves as merely delegated by Providence to govern three branches of the One family, namely, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, thus confessing that the Christian world, of which they and their people form a part, has in reality no other Sovereign than Him to whom alone power really belongs. Art. III. All the Powers who shall choose solemnly to avow the sacred principles which have dictated the present Act will be received with equal ardor and affection into this Holy Alliance. Done in triplicate and signed at Paris, the year of grace 1815, 14/26th September.

Perhaps the most noteworthy development from the Holy Alliance came from the attempt to extend its operation to the New World by the coercion of Spain's revolted colonies. George Canning (q.v.), on behalf of England, opposed this at the Congress of Verona, and the threatened invasion of American autonomy, together with the proposed colonization of the Pacific coast of North America by Russia, the leader in the Alliance, brought from the Government of the United States the famous declaration of American policy known as the Monroe Doctrine (q.v.). For accounts of the Holy Alliance and its bearing upon contemporaneous his tory, consult the histories of the time and the biographies of leading persons connected with it. HOLY CITY. The common designation among different peoples and religious sects for the city regarded as the chief place of their religion. The term is most often understood as applying to Rome, but has been used also of Jerusalem, Allahabad, Benares, Mecca, Medina, Moscow, Kiev,

and Cuzco.

HOLY COAT. A relic preserved with the greatest reverence in the Cathedral of Treves (q.v.). It is alleged to be the seamless robe or upper garment of Jesus Christ (John xix. 23),

and to have been discovered in the fourth century by the Empress Helena, in her memorable visit to Palestine (see HELENA, SAINT) and by her deposited at Treves. The earliest definite documentary evidence, supported, however, by still earlier incidental testimony, dates from the eleventh century. The holy coat of Treves was solemnly exhibited to the public gaze in 1196, and again in 1512, when Luther wrote against it and Leo X. appointed it to be exhibited every seven years. The Reformation and wars prevented the regular observance of this religious

festival; but it was celebrated in 1810, and was

attended by a concourse of no fewer than 227,000 persons, and in 1844 and 1891 by still greater crowds, while miraculous cures were confidently asserted to be performed by the precious relic. The exhibition of the holy coat in 1844 led to the secession of the "German Catholics" from the Catholic Church. The seamless coat of Jesus is also said to be preserved in the church at Argenteuil, near Versailles, but this claim is not considered well founded. The legend here is that it was given by Charlemagne to the monastery located there, his daughter Theodrada being abbess. Consult: Beissel, Geschichte des Heiligen Rockes

(Treves, 1889); Clarke, Pilgrimage to the Holy Coat of Treves (London, 1892); Plater, The Holy Coat of Treves (ib., 1891).

HOLY COMMUNION. See LORD'S SUPPER. HOLY CROSS, COLLEGE OF THE. A Roman Catholic educational institution founded in 1843

and situated at Worcester, Mass. It is under the control of the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. It maintains collegiate and preparatory departments, and had in 1903 385 students, of whom 175 were in the preparatory school. At the same time its library contained 24,000 volumes, the buildings and grounds were valued at $490,000, and the annual income was $20,000.

HOLY CROSS MOUNTAIN. A celebrated peak of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, situated in Eagle County, in the central part of the State, 15 miles northwest of Leadville. Its height is 14,006 feet. It derives its name from two snow-filled ravines, which cross each other at right angles, and present from a distance the appearance of a white cross.

HOLY DYING, RULE AND EXERCISES OF.

Α

devotional manual, by Jeremy Taylor, published in 1651. It reached a twenty-first edition in 1710; has been frequently republished during the nineteenth century; and may be said, with its equally popular companion tractate, Rule and Exercises of Holy Living (1650), to offer a summary of the duties and devotions necessary to a Christian life.

HOLY FAMILY. The name given in art to representations of the Virgin and the Infant Saviour and their attendants. The earliest such composition is that in the Catacomb of Saint Calixtus in Rome, with the Prophet Isaiah. The Virgin is represented sitting on a seat, which

soon became a throne, the traditional attitude up to the Renaissance. The Byzantine School, as early as the sixth century, invented the type in which the Child is seated directly in the centre of the Virgin's lap, and is blessing, both figures gazing straight forward. Some of these early pictures were regarded as painted by Saint Luke and endowed with miraculous powers. Such are a number in the churches of Rome (e.g. at San Sisto, Santa Maria Maggiore, etc.), and Venice (e.g. that of Saint Mark, brought from Saint Sophia in 1204).

Later, this school added attendant bore the emblems of the Passion, the sight of angels, who sometimes, as in the school of Candia, which affrights the Child. The arrangement in which the angels are throne-bearing and adoring figures, in rhythmic arrangement on either side tifully by Cimabue and Duccio in their famous of an immense throne, was developed very beaupictures at Florence and Siena. It was quite late in the Middle Ages when other figures were pecially, Saint Anna, the mother of the Virgin brought into the composition. These were, es(sometimes holding the Virgin in her lap), Saint Joseph, and as playmates to the Infant Christ, the infant John the Baptist (usually in goat-skin and bearing a cross), or Saint Catharine (with whom Christ is being sometimes mystically married). Even the early legendary history of the infancy of Christ has been drawn upon for such scenes as the Twelve Apostles playing with the Infant Christ as boys-a scene peculiar to German art. Of all subjects of Christian art that of the Madonna and Child, comparatively into overwhelming prominence, becoming the unknown before the thirteenth century, came favorite theme of the Italian painters of the Renaissance. Giovanni Bellini, Perugino, Filippo Lippi, Leonardo, Raphael, and Andrea del Sarto may be mentioned among the many who frequently treated it. One of its variants at

that time was the adoring Virgin on her knees before the Infant (Filippo Lippi). The scene of the Holy Family must be distinguished from the more elaborate scenes in which the Virgin and Child, similarly portrayed, are accompanied by several large figures, saints and fathers of the Church, which are not mere accessories of the sacred group; this is usually termed a Sacra (or Santa) Conversazione, and was a popular scene, especially with the Umbrian, Venetian, and northern schools of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

HOLY GHOST, or HOLY SPIRIT. In orthodox theology, the third person of the Trinity (q.v.), "proceeding from the Father and the Son," yet of one substance, majesty, and glory with the Father and the Son, very and eternal God. That the Holy Spirit is God is attested by passages of Scripture ascribing to Him the same names and attributes as to God (II. Cor. iii. 16, 17; II. Tim. iii. 16; II. Peter i. 21). He is distinct from the Father and the Son (Matt. xxviii. 19; II. Cor. xiii. 14; I. Peter i. 1-4), and this distinction is of a personal nature, similar to that between the Father and the Son, proved by many passages, such as John xv. 26: "But when the Comforter is come, whom I will send unto you from the Father, even the Spirit of truth, which proceedeth from the Father, He shall testify of Me." The "procession" (q.v.) of the Spirit is the subject of one of the chief differences between the Eastern and the Western churches. The Holy Spirit is essentially a spirit of holiness, and His grand function is to apply to the hearts of men the benefits of Christ's death, to regenerate them, and then to sanctify them by the truth.

HOLY GHOST, ORDER OF THE (Fr., l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit). The name of an order of knighthood founded in 1578 by Henry III., King of France, because on Pentecost, 1573, he had been elected King of Poland, and on Pentecost, 1574, had succeeded to the French throne. The grand master of the order was always to be the King of France. The insignia were a green cross with eight points, on the obverse of which was a dove turned downward, on the reverse the representation of the archangel Michael; the chain, after Henry IV., bore the lilies of France and the monogram H.' There were one hundred knights, without counting foreigners. The order was definitely dissolved on February 10, 1831, by Louis Philippe.

Santa Casa, the house in which Mary was born, and which was carried by a miracle to Loreto. The grotto is marble-lined and is lighted by nine silver lamps. It is 20 feet square and 10 feet deep.

HOLYHEAD, hōl'i-hěd. A seaport of Anglesey, North Wales, situated on the little island of Holyhead, 241⁄2 miles west-northwest of Bangor (Map: England, B 3). It is the terminus of the London and Northwestern Railway, and the port for the mail steamers to Dublin, 60 miles distant. It has a celebrated breakwater, 7860 feet long, which forms a harbor of refuge of 400 acres. It has three lighthouses. Coasting trade, ship-building, and rope-making are carried on. The town possesses assembly rooms and baths and a picturesque old embattled church. Interesting Roman and early English remains exist in the neighborhood. The United States is represented by a consular agent. Population, in 1891, 8745; in 1901, 10,072.

HOLYHEAD ISLAND. A small island of North Wales, west of the island of Anglesey, forming part of the county of that name (Map: Wales, B 3). Its area is about 6000 acres. Population, in 1891, 10,000; in 1901, 11,414.

HOLY ISLAND, or LINDISFARNE. A small island belonging to Northumberland, England, in latitude 55° 40' N., longitude 1° 47′ W., 10 miles

southeast of Berwick-on-Tweed and 3 miles north

of the Farne Islands (Map: England, E 1). It is about 4 miles long and 2 miles broad, and is connected with the mainland at low water by sands 3 miles in extent. On the south coast is the village of Holy Island, much resorted to by summer visitors. On the island are several ruins, the chief of which are the extensive and sombre-looking remains of the famous Abbey of Lindisfarne, originally a Saxon edifice, founded in 635 by Aidan, the disciple of Saint Columba. There is also an ancient castle, now fortified. Holy Island flourished under Saint Cuthbert, who died here in 687. In 793 the abbey was destroyed by the Danes. Consult Wilson, Lindisfarne Churches (1870). Population 700.

HOLY LANCE. The lance with which the Saviour's side was pierced, and according to one account, found at Jerusalem by Saint Helena, carried to Constantinople, and sent from there in 1492 to the Pope; now preserved in Saint Peter's. According to another account, it was lost until discovered by the Crusaders at Antioch, This discovery encouraged them

so that they won a great victory. In 1104 this lance was presented to the Byzantine Emperor. The holy lance plays a prominent part in the legends of the Holy Grail (q.v.).

HOLY LAND. See PALESTINE.

HOLY LEAGUE. The name given to a number of political alliances in Europe. Of these the principal were the leagues formed (1) in France; (2) in 1527, by the Pope, Francis I., and 1511, by the Pope, Spain, and Venice against Henry VIII. against the Emperor Charles V.; (3) in 1538, by Charles V. and the Catholic

princes of Germany against the Schmalkaldic Venice against the Turks; (5) most important League; (4) in 1571, by the Pope, Spain, and of all, the one formed in 1576 by the Guises, the Pope, Spain, and the Parlement of Paris against the Huguenots. In 1609 a Holy League (known as the Catholic League) was organized

by the Catholic States of Germany, with Bavaria at its head, in opposition to the Protestant Union.

HOLY MAID OF KENT. See BARTON, ELIZ

ABETH.

HOLY MOTHER OF THE RUSSIANS. An epithet originally given to Moscow, the former capital of Russia, by the masses of that nation, and still preserved among the peasantry. HOL'YOAKE, hõl'yōk, GEORGE JACOB (18171906). An English writer, lecturer, and reformer, particularly identified with the 'coöperative movement.' He was born in Birmingham, England; was educated at the Mechanics' Institution there, taught mathematics for a time, and while still young became widely known as a radical in polities and religion, attracting attention in particular by his advocacy of the theories of Robert Owen (q.v.). He early became especially interested in the theory and practice of coöperation, was active in the movement for the organization of the so-called 'Rochdale Pioneers' in 1843, and subsequently was largely engaged as a lecturer and writer in the interests of coöperation. In 1842 he was imprisoned for six months for blasphemy, his being the last conviction on that charge in England. Soon afterwards he devised a moral system, known as 'secularism' (q.v.), which he advocated in public speeches and in the press. For a time he was president of the London Secular Society, the central organization of Secularism. He was instrumental in securing the repeal of the so-called 'tax upon knowledge' in 1854. He edited at various times the New Moral World, the

Reasoner (from 1846 to 1866), and the Cause of the People, in which he contended vigorously for his views; and published numerous books, including: History of the Rochdale Pioneers (1857); The History of Coöperation in England (1875); Life of Joseph Rayner Stephens, Preacher and Political Orator (1881); Self Helps One Hundred Years Ago (1890); The Coöperative Movement of To-Day (1891); Sixty Years of an Agitator's Life (1892), an interesting though somewhat rambling autobiography; Nature Origin of Secularism, Showing that Where Free Thought Commonly Ends Secularism Begins (1896); and Jubilee History of the Leeds Cooperative Society (1897).

and

HOLYOKE, hōl'yok. A city in Hampden County, Mass., 8 miles north of Springfield; on the Connecticut River, and on the Boston and Maine and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads (Map: Massachusetts, B 3). It was originally a part of West Springfield, and was incorporated as the Third Parish in 1786, though it was commonly called Ireland Parish,

from the fact that several Irish families were the first settlers. In 1850 Holyoke was set off from West Springfield and incorporated as a separate town; and in 1873 it was chartered as a city. Its importance as a manufacturing centre dates from 1847, when the Hadley Falls Company began to develop the great natural waterpower. The river here falls 60 feet and is crossed by a dam 1000 feet long, affording the most valuable power in New England. For many years it was noted for its paper-mills, but it now has also extensive manufactures of cottons, woolens, thread, silk, alpaca, bicycles, automobiles, belting, bricks, screws, wires, machinery, envelopes, and school supplies. It is an impor

tant centre for hydraulic engineering, for testing water-wheels, etc. There are a public library, a college of music, city hospital, and House of Providence Hospital. The Holyoke Scientific Society has done valuable work in American archæology, and has fine collections of Indian antiquities. In the vicinity are many points of scenic interest, notably Mount Tom (1215 feet), ascended by an electric railway from Holyoke, and Mount Holyoke (955 feet). Holyoke is governed under a revised charter of 1896, by a Mayor, elected annually, and a city council, two-thirds of whose members are elected at large for two years, the remainder by wards for one year. The subordinate offices are filled as follows: appointed by the Mayor-board of public works, fire commissioners, board of health, city marshal and assistants, city solicitor, and inspector of milk; appointed by the Mayor with the consent of the council-sealer of weights and measures and inspectors of animals and provisions; elected by the council-water commissioners, city physician, poor overseers, city auditor, and city messengers; by the people-all others. The annual income and expenditures of the city amount to about $1,780,000 and $1,745,000 respectively, the main items of expense being $50,000 for the police department, including amounts for police courts, jails, etc.; $70,000 for the fire department, and $175,000 for schools. The city owns and operates its water-works, and has voted to acquire the gas and electric-light plants. Population, in 1890, 35,637; in 1900, 45,712. See MOUNT HOLYOKE COLLEGE.

HOLYOKE, MOUNT. A steep ridge of greenstone 5 miles southeast of Northampton, Mass., rising 955 feet above sea-level (Map: Massachusetts, B 3). A carriage road winds upward to the point where a mountain railway carries passengers up a precipitous incline to a hotel built on the summit in 1821. The view here obtained of the Connecticut River and valley has long been famous as one of the finest in New England.

HOLY PHIAL, ORDER OF (Fr. Sainte Ampoule). The name of an order of knighthood which formerly existed in France. It was composed of four persons, usually the first in point of rank, family, and fortune in the Province of Champagne, who were styled Barons de la Sainte Ampoule. At the coronation of the French kings, they were delivered to the dean, priors, and chapter of Rheims, as hostages for the return of the holy phial in which the coronation oil was kept. The phial, according to legend, was brought from and put into the hands of Saint Remigiris at the heaven by the Holy Ghost in the form of a dove coronation of Clovis (q.v.). The holy phial preserved at Rheims was broken by Ruhl, a member of the Convention, in 1793. The badge of the order was a cross of gold enameled white, cantoned with four fleurs-de-lis, and on the cross a dove descending with a phial in its beak, and a right hand receiving it.

HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. The name now given to the Empire erected by Charles the Great (q.v.), King of the Franks, in Western Europe, usually dated from his coronation, at Rome, by Pope Leo III. in 800; or, more technically, to this Empire as revived in 962 by Otho the Great (q.v.). In theory the Holy Roman Empire was a continuation of the Western Empire, which was