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flour. Straw-plaiting is carried on, and the cul-
tivation of lavender for its essential oil, exten-
sively used in perfumery, dates from 1568.
Hitchin is recorded in the Domesday Book.
was given to Harold by Edward the Confessor,
and came into the possession of William the
Conqueror. Population, in 1891, 8860; in 1901,
10,072.

HITOPADESA, hê-tō'pȧ-dā'shȧ (Skt., salu tary instruction), or BOOK OF GOOD COUNSEL. The name of a celebrated Sanskrit collection of fables, the contents of which have passed into almost all the civilized literatures of the world. The collection itself, in the form in which we possess it, is founded on older works of a kindred nature; and its preface expressly mentions 'the Panchatantra and another work.' For a convenient list of editions and translations and a sketch of the subject, consult Lanman, Sanskrit Reader (Boston, 1884). Two good editions with English notes are published in India by Peterson (Bombay, 1895); and by Godabole and Parab (ib., 1896). See PANCATANTRA; SANSKRIT LIT

ERATURE.

HITTEREN, hêt'ter-en. An island off the west coast of Norway, situated at the entrance to the Throndhjems fiord (Map: Norway, C 5). It covers an area of nearly 200 square miles (including some adjacent islets), and has a population of about 3000. It is covered with low but rugged hills, reaching 1000 feet, among which are The inhabitants numerous lakes and streams. are mostly engaged in fishing. HITTITES. A name that properly designates a rather promiscuous group of nations whose settlements extended from the westerly portions of Asia Minor to Armenia, northward close to the Caspian Sea, and southward to the watershed Bebetween the Euphrates and the Orontes. sides this we also find references in the Old Testament to Hittites in Southern Palestine around Hebron (Gen. xxiii.), and Hittites are likewise frequently mentioned among the preIsraelitish inhabitants of Palestine, and alongside the Canaanites, Amorites, Hivites, Perizzites, and Girgashites. It is quite impossible, however, to determine absolutely whether the same group (or subdivision of the same group) is intended in all cases. The indications are in favor of separating the Hittites of Central Palestine from those in the south and from the Hittites of Northern Syria and Asia Minor. The geographical nomenclature of the Old Testament is frequently vague, and Hittite is a term which is variously used by different writers. So far as the Hittites, whom tradition places around Hebron, are concerned, we are limited in our knowledge to the account of Abraham's purchase of the field of Machpelah from the sons of Heth (Gen. xxiii.), and to incidental references, such as Gen. xxvi. 34, which point to scattered Hittite settlements as far south as Gerar and Beersheba. They are on friendly terms with Edomites and Hebrews, but there is nothing to indicate their ethnic relationship to those two groups. Equally unsatisfactory is our knowledge of the Hittites of Central Palestine. We encounter them merely as one in the confederated group of pre-Israelitish inhabitants of Canaan proper, and considering the uncertain character of Hebrew traditions when it comes to specific names of peoples, there is no special value to be attached to this group

ing. When we reach the days of David we find
ourselves on safer historical ground. The pres-
ence of Uriah the Hittite (husband of Bath-
sheba) in the army of David (II. Sam. xxiii. 39)
is a valuable indication that at this period a
group known as the Hittites was still recognized,
and there is no valid objection against regarding
these Hittites as descendants of those whom tra-
dition places around Hebron, which, it will be
recalled, is also the centre of David's political
activity. In Solomon's days (I. Kings xi. 1)
we learn of alliances with Hittites, and here at
last we have the Hittites of the north whose
historical importance far outranks those of the
south. The kings of the Hittites' to whom the
writer in II. Kings vii. 6 refers are powerful
rulers who as early as 1600 B.C. had established
themselves on the Orontes, and whom the Egyp-
tians, when under Thothmes I. they began their
series of Asiatic campaigns, found to be most
formidable enemies. While obliged to submit to
Egypt for a while, the Hittites maintained a
spirit of independence, and centuries afterwards
the Babylonians and Assyrians were checked in
their advance toward the west by the Hittites
gathered at Carchemish, Kadesh, Marash, Ha-
It is not until the days
math, and elsewhere.
of Sargon II. (B.C. 721-705) that these Hittites
along the Orontes are finally subdued and dis-
appear from the horizon of history.
however, are not limited to Northern Syria.
Monuments have been found in Cappadocia,
Paphlagonia, Lycaonia, and Phrygia which by
their general art, costumes of the personages
sculptured on them, and above all by the char-
acter of the inscriptions accompanying the monu-
ments, are identical with numerous Hittite re-
mains found at Carchemish, Marash, and Ha-
It is the existence of these monuments
math.
spread over so large a district that enables us to
form an idea of the important part played in
ancient history by the Hittites. The inscriptions
themselves have not yet been fully deciphered,
but a beginning has been made, and enough is
now known to warrant the assumption that be-
tween c.1200 and 800 B.C. Hittites formed the
controlling element in Central and Western Asia
Minor; and it also appears quite certain that
the spread was gradual from the region of Cilicia
to the north, northeast, northwest, and west.
These Hittites appear to have been of a mixed
ethnic type, of Turanian and Semitic elements,
with a general tendency toward the prevalence
of the Semitic over the non-Semitic.

Hittites,

According to Jensen, indeed, the Hittite language is Aryan in character; but this view is open to serious objections, and it is more likely that the Hittite language will be found to be affiliated with the Semitic stock. There is also a possibility of a direct connection between Hittite characters and Egyptian hieroglyphics, though it is not possible to speak with certainty on this and numerous other points connected with the Further researches and explorations in Hittites. Hittite districts are needed, and above all the discovery of a key that will enable scholars satisfactorily to interpret the inscriptions. The Hittite script, it may be added, is partly pictorial and partly syllabic. By virtue of its pictorial character it is possible to determine the general meaning of a Hittite inscription much more readily than to determine how it is to be read.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Perrot and Chipiez, History of

Art in Sardinia, Asia Minor, Judæa, etc., vol. ii. (Paris, 1883); Sayce, The Hittites (London, 1888); Wright, The Empire of the Hittites (London, 1884); Lautsheere, De la race et de la langue des Hittites (Paris, 1891); Jensen, Hittiter und Armenier (Strassburg, 1898); Messerschmidt, Bemerkungen zu den hethithischen Inschriften (Berlin, 1898); id., Corpus Inscriptionum Hetticarum (ib., 1900). For Jensen's attempts at decipherment of the Hittite inscriptions, consult his articles in the Zeitschrift der deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, vol. xlviii. (Leipzig, 1894). See CARCHEMISH.

HITTORF, &'tôrf', JACQUES IGNACE (1792. 1867). A French architect, born in Cologne. He went to Paris in 1810 to study art, and from 1819 to 1830 was architect to the King. He was long engaged in the construction of public buildings, and at the embellishment of such public places as the Bois de Boulogne and the Champs Elysées. His chief work is the Church of Saint Vincent de Paul, in Paris. He published: Architecture antique de la Sicile (1826-30); Architecture moderne de la Sicile (1826-35); Architecture polychrome chez les Grecs (1851), all of which are still considered valuable contributions to the literature of architecture.

HITTORF, hit'tôrf, JOHANN WILHELM (1824 -). A German physicist, born at Bonn. He has been since 1852 professor of chemistry and physics at Münster. Hittorf's earliest important researches were in electrolysis, and he was able to extend Faraday's work, his method of determining the mobility of ions being of the greatest importance to physical chemistry. In addition to his work in electrolysis, Hittorf made elaborate investigations of the various phenomena attending the passage of electricity through gases. In 1862 with Plücker he discovered that different spectra could be obtained from the same substances under different conditions of temperature. Later (1869), in studying the passage of electricity through tubes containing a rarefied gas, he observed that by increasing the exhaustion of the tube the dark space between the negative pole and the negative glow became wider, and that when the discharge from the cathode struck against the glass considerable fluorescence was produced. Hittorf also ascertained that these rays could be deflected by a magnet, and anticipated Crookes, who in 1878 published his famous researches with the vacuum or Crookes tubes and named the rays thus produced radiant matter. He investigated the allotropic occurrence of selenium and phosphorus, and in the case of the latter substance he was successful in producing a crystallized form, black in color and with a metallic lustre. Hittorf's many valuable papers on physics and chemistry are to be found for the most part in Poggendorff's and Wiedemann's Annalen der Physik (Leipzig, current).

HITZIG, hits'ÍK, EDUARD (1838-). A German alienist, grandson of the biographer and jurist Julius Eduard Hitzig. He was born in Berlin, studied medicine there and in Würzburg, and in 1875 became professor of psychiatry at Zurich. Four years afterwards he became professor in Halle, where he established an independent clinic for nervous and mental disorders, the first in Prussia. He wrote: Untersuchungen über das

Gehirn (1874), the result of long research on cerebral physiology and pathology, and especially on localization of the various functions; Ueber traumatische Tabes (1894); and Der Querulantenwahnsinn (1895).

HITZIG, FERDINAND (1807-75). A German biblical scholar. He was born June 23, 1807, at Hauingen, Baden, and educated at Heidelberg, Halle, and Göttingen. In 1833 he was called to Zurich as professor of theology, with a special view to the exegesis of the Old Testament; but his lectures embraced also the New Testament and the languages of the East. In 1861 Hitzig returned to Heidelberg as professor. The first work which established his fame was his Der Prophet Jesaia übersetzt und ausgelegt (1833). Besides a translation of the Psalms, with a commentary (183536), he furnished for the Exegetisches Handbuch zum alten Testament the commentaries on the minor prophets (1838), on Jeremiah (1841), Ezekiel (1847), Ecclesiastes (1847), Daniel (1850), and the Song of Solomon (1855), with a translation of all the prophetical books as a supplement (1854). He died at Heidelberg, January 22, 1875. For his biography, consult Steiner (Zurich, 1882).

HITZIG, JULIUS EDUARD (1780-1849). A born in Berlin, studied law at Halle and ErlanGerman criminal jurist and biographer. He was gen, and from 1799 to 1835 was connected more or less closely with the criminal courts of Warsaw and Berlin. To this period belong the Zeitschrift für die preussische Kriminalrechtspflege (1825) and Annalen für deutsche und ausländische Kriminalrechtspflege (1828), both foundwith the poets Mnioch and Werner, and in Bered by him. At Warsaw he had been intimate lin he was even more prominent in literary cir cles as founder of the 'Mittwochsgesellschaft,' a literary club. Hitzig was editor of the Presszeitung (1840-44), and author of biographies of Werner (1823), of Hoffmann (1823, 3d ed. 1839), and of Chamisso (1839-40). With Häring, in 1842, he began to publish Der neue Pitaval; in 1826 he had brought out Gelehrtes Berlin im Jahre 1825.

HIVE-BEE. The honey-bee. See BEE.

HIVES. A name popularly given to the eruption known as urticaria or nettle-rash (q.v.). The eruption appears as white rounded elevations or long wheals, which turn red later, especially after scratching or rubbing, for the prurigo is intense. The use of lobsters or crabs has caused hives in some people. Certain drugs, such as the balsams, often cause it. After unloading the bowels, local treatment with dilute acids or bichloride of mercury will give relief. Alkalies and salicylates, taken internally, cut an attack short.

HIVE SYRUP, Syrupus Scilla compositus. The compound syrup of squills, a plant growing on the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The bulb is the officinal portion. It is generally dried for use, but is sometimes imported packed in sand, in a partially undried state. The syrup is prepared usually by taking of squill a moderately coarse powder; senega, a moderately fine powder; tartrate of antimony and potassa: sugar; diluted alcohol; and water. The whole is carefully mixed according to formulæ laid down in the Pharmacopoeia. In its action it is an emetic, and combines the virtues of senega,

squill, and tartar emetic, of the last of which it contains but one grain to the fluid ounce. It is also diaphoretic, expectorant, and in large doses cathartic. It was originally devised for the treatment of spasmodic croup and hives, whence comes its popular name. Great care must be taken, in employing it, not to allow its sedative operation to proceed too far. In overdoses it has been known to produce a fatal inflammation of the stomach and bowels, since tartar emetic is highly poisonous.

HI'VITES (probably connected with Ar. hayy, family, or Heb. Hawwah, Eve, or else from hawwah, serpent, in allusion to the clan-totem). One of the peoples driven out of Palestine by the Hebrews (Ex. iii. 8 et al.) and placed in the list (Gen. x. 17) among the sons of Canaan. Several of the biblical passages in which Hivites are mentioned present an uncertain text, as e.g. Joshua ix. 7, xi. 3; II. Sam. xxiv. 7. Hebrew writers seem to have confused Hivites, Horites (q.v.), and Hittites (q.v.), so that we cannot be quite certain even whether such a people as the Hivites ever existed.

HIZEN, he zen. One of the nine provinces of the island of Kiushiu, Japan, famous in history and for its kaolin and the production of porcelain. It is rich in tea, tobacco, vegetable wax, and coal, but not in cereals, though in quality its rice is reckoned the best. Its chief towns are Saga and Nagasaki (q.v.). Arita and Imari, both situated in this province, are famed for their ceramic ware. It was formerly divided among ten daimios (q.v.). It is now mostly within the Nagasaki ken. Consult: Rein, Japan (London, 1884), and for the ceramic industries of the province, Brinkley, Japan: Its History, Arts, and Literature, vol. viii. (Boston, 1901-02).

HJÄRNE, yär'ne, HARALD GABRIEL (1848 -). A Swedish historian, born at Klastorp. He was educated at Upsala, where he became docent (1872) and professor (1889). His studies on the relations between Russia and Sweden are of particular importance. He wrote: Polens nordiska politik närmast före kongressen i Stettin 1570 (1884); De äldsta svensk-ryska legationsakterna (1884); Från Moskva till Petersburg, a sketch of Russian civilization (1888-89); Unionsfrågan (1892); Sveriges statsskick under reformationstiden 1520-1611 (1893); Medeltidens statsskick (1895); and Svensk-ryska förhandlingar 1564-72 (1897).

HOACTZIN, hôktsin (South American name), or HANNA. A bird (Opisthocomus cristatus) of Guiana and Brazil, possessing many conflicting characteristics of structure, so that its place in classification has been greatly in dispute. Some writers have regarded it as nearly related to the plantain-eaters; others to the curassows. Most recent writers have placed it with or very near the Gallina, but generally as a separate order, the Opisthocomi. It has the general shape of a curassow, but in size is much smaller; is olive-color, varied with white above and deep bay below; and has a long pendent crest of loose yellow feathers. The tail is long and broadly tipped with yellow. It lives in bands in the forest, frequents the borders of streams, feeds upon leaves and fruits, rarely leaving the lower trees and bushes, flying weakly, and uttering a 'sharp grating hiss' as a call note. It feeds largely on a species of arum,

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Showing hand-like use of immature wings. the index (forefinger) and pollex (thumb) digits of the fore limb. Soon after hatching, the nestlings begin to crawl about by hooking these claws about twigs or any object accessible, and so use their wings precisely as feet, holding on also by the bill. This is an interesting reminder of the condition of the wing in the most ancient of birds (see ARCHAEOPTERYX), which used its anterior digits in much the same way. The young hoactzin, however, sheds its claws after a few days. Consult Newton, Dictionary of Birds (London and New York, 1896), where many further references are given.

HOADLEY, hōd'li, GEORGE (1826-1902). An American lawyer, and Governor of Ohio, born in New Haven, Conn. He was educated in the public schools of Cleveland, where his father had settled in 1830, and at Western Reserve College, then at Hudson, Ohio, where he graduated in 1844. He studied law at the Harvard Law School, was admitted to the bar in 1847, and two years later became a partner in the law firm of Chase & Bull at Cincinnati, in which Salmon P. Chase was the senior member. In 1851 he was chosen by the Legislature judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati; in 1855 became city solicitor; and in 1859, upon the reorganization of the Superior Court, was elected judge, and was reelected in 1864. Originally a Democrat, he took a prominent part in the 'Barnburner' movement, was a War Democrat, and finally during the war allied himself with the Republican Party. He resigned from the bench in 1866 to resume his law practice. In 1872 he was active in the Liberal Republican revolt, but dissatisfaction with the nomination of Greeley caused him to remain in the party. In 1876, however, he allied himself with the Democratic Party on the tariff issue, and was one of the counsel for Tilden before the Electoral Commission. In 1883 he was the party's candidate for Governor of Ohio, being elected over Joseph B. Foraker by 12,000. Two years later he was in turn defeated by Foraker for reëlection to the same office. From 1887 until his death he practiced law in New York City.

HOADLY, BENJAMIN (1676-1761). A Church of England prelate. He was born at Westerham, Kent, November 14, 1676. He graduated B.A. at Cambridge 1696, became preacher in London in 1701, Bishop of Bangor in 1715, of Hereford in 1721, of Salisbury in 1723, and of Winchester in 1734. He attracted attention by controversies with the Nonconformists, and with the High Church Party of the Church of England. His principles were developed in his Essay on the Origin of Civil Government (1709). The accession of George I. in 1714 brought Hoadly's views into favor with the Court, and he received advancement. In 1717 the so-called Bangorian Controversy arose. It began by Hoadly's publication of his views on the text, "My kingdom is not of this world;" in regard to which he maintained that Christ had left behind Him no such authority as that claimed by churches, and that this was the best way of answering the pretensions of the Church of Rome. These views gave great offense both to High Church and Dissenters. He was attacked from all quarters, and the controversy raged for three years. He died at Chelsea, London, April 17, 1761. His works were published with a life by his son, John Hoadly (London, 1773).

HOANG-HO, HWANG-HO, hwäng'hō', or YELLOW RIVER. Next to the Yang-tse-kiang, the largest river of China. It rises in a marshy plain in the District of Kuku-nor, Tibet, west of Lake Charing-nor and only a short distance north of the upper course of the Yang-tse-kiang. Its course is exceptionally tortuous. After flowing eastward to near the boundary of Tibet, it changes its direction first to the northwest and then to the northeast, in which latter direction it flows through the Chinese Province of Kan-su. Leaving the Province of Kan-su, it crosses the

Great Wall into Mongolia. There it flows at first northeast and then east as far as the western boundary of the Chinese Province of Shansi, where it turns sharply to the south, and, passing the Great Wall again, flows between the provinces of Shen-si and Shan-si, forming their boundary line. At about latitude 35° N. it turns sharply east, which direction it maintains as far as the city of K'ai-fung, in the Province of Ho-nan. From that point it flows in a northeastern direction until it falls into the Gulf of Pe-chi-li about latitude 38° N. Its total length is probably over 2500 miles, and its basin is estimated at 400,000 square miles. The chief tributaries of the Hoang-ho are the Tao-ho from the south, the Wei-ho from the west, and the Ta-tung-ho from the north. The Hoang-ho is navigable for small vessels for a short distance from its mouth and in some parts of its middle course. The course of the river has changed repeatedly, and the present mouth was that of the Ta-tsin until 1853. Prior to that time the course of the river below K'ai-fung was southeasterly, and its mouth in the Province of Kiang-su in about latitude 34° N. The sediment which is transported in large quantities by the Hoang-ho raises its bed, thereby causing inundations. These have been so frequent and so disastrous that the river has come to be known as 'China's sorrow.' In order to guard against the inundations, a vast system of dams and dikes has been maintained from time immemorial.

HOAR, hōr, EBENEZER ROCKWOOD (1816-95). An American jurist. He was born at Concord, Mass., the son of Samuel Hoar, graduated at Harvard in 1835, and was admitted to the bar. He was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas from 1849 to 1855, and of the State Supreme Court from 1859 to 1869. In 1869-70 he was Attorney-General of the United States. He was a member of the Joint High Commission that framed the Treaty of Washington in 1871, and was a Republican member of Congress in 1873-75. An American legislator, born at Concord, Mass. He HOAR, GEORGE FRISBIE (1826-1904). graduated at Harvard in 1846, studied law in the Dane Law School, Harvard, and then opened an office in Worcester. He was an ardent member of the Free Soil Party, and later of the Republition; and in 1852 he was elected one of its can Party, almost from the time of its organizaThough his ambition at this time was for a representatives in the Massachusetts Legislature. legal rather than a political career, he was induced to accept other nominations, which resulted in his serving in both branches of the State Legislature and in the United States House of Representatives, of which he was a member from 1869 until 1877, when he was chosen Senator by his State. During his last year in the House he was a member of the Electoral Commission (q.v.), chosen in 1877, which decided that Hayes had been elected President over Tilden. He presided over the Republican National Convention of 1880, which nominated Garfield and thus ended the bitter contest between Grant and Blaine. He was always a consistent opponent of 'imperialism' from the days when he aided Sumner in his opposition to the annexation of Santo Domingo; and, though he supported President McKinley for reëlection, he strongly opposed his policy in the Philippines, which he considered subversive of

American ideals. During his service in the House Mr. Hoar was one of the managers of the Belknap impeachment trial, and after his election to the Senate he was chairman of the committees on the judiciary and on privileges and elections, and a member of the committees, on engineering bills, civil service and retrenchment, library claims, Nicaragua claims, and rules, as well as chairman of the select committees on woman suffrage, and relations with Canada. Among the non-political offices to which he was appointed are: Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1880), president of the American Antiquarian Society, president of the American Historical Association, president of the Board of Trustees of Clark University (1900), and trustee of the Peabody Fund.

HOAR, SAMUEL (1778-1856). An American lawyer and legislator. He was born at Lincoln, Mass.; graduated at Harvard in 1802; was admitted to the bar in 1805, and soon became a prominent lawyer. He was a State Senator in 1825 and again in 1833, and was a Whig member of Congress from 1835 to 1837. In 1844 he was sent by the Massachusetts Legislature to South Carolina to dispute before the courts the constitutionality of certain laws of that State authorizing the imprisonment of free negroes coming into it. He was, however, not allowed to plead, but was forcibly expelled from Charleston by the public authorities, the South Carolina Legislature by special act authorizing the expulsion.

HOARE, Sir RICHARD COLT (1758-1838). An English antiquary, born at Stourhead, in Wiltshire. At twenty-five he married Lord Lyttel ton's eldest daughter, and, after her death, two years later, traveled extensively over Europe. He wrote descriptions of his travels in Ireland and in Italy; a translation of Giraldus Cambrensis (1808); and, most important among his works, a History of Ancient Wiltshire (1821), succeeded by an incomplete History of Modern Wiltshire, dealing with the southern section only (1822 and 1843).

HOAR FROST. See FROST.
HOARHOUND. See HOREHOUND.

HOARSENESS. See THROAT, AFFECTIONS OF. HOBART. The capital of Tasmania, situated on the Derwent, near its entrance into Storm Bay, on the south coast of the island (Map: Tas mania, D3). Besides the Government official buildings, Hobart has a college, a technical school, two cathedrals, hospitals, a free library, museum, and art gallery. Its naturally excellent harbor and quay with three patent slips accommodate ships of the largest size. It has considerable manufactures, a large export and import trade, railway communication with Launceston, and steamship communication with Sydney, Melbourne, New Zealand, and London. It is the seat of a United States consul and the see of Anglican and Catholic bishops. With Mount Wellington as a picturesque background, regularly laid out and welllighted streets, a good spring-water supply, street railroads, fine parks and drives, Hobart is a favorite summer resort for Australians. The mean temperature for the year is 52.3°, being 42.1° in winter, and 63.1° in summer. Population, 1891, 30,608; 1901, 31,317. It was founded in 1804.

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HOBART, GARRET AUGUSTUS (1844-99). An American lawyer and politician, Vice-President of the United States. He was born at Long Branch, N. J.; graduated at Rutgers College in 1863; was admitted to the bar six years later, and practiced his profession with success Paterson, N. J., where he made his home until death. He was city counsel there in 1871; was a member of the State Assembly from 1873 to 1878, and of the State Senate from 1879 to 1885, presiding over both of those bodies. He was five times successively delegate-at-large from New Jersey to the Republican National Convention; was nominated at Saint Louis in 1896 for Vice-President on the ticket with William McKinley, and was elected to that office. To a greater extent, perhaps, than any of his predecessors in the Vice-Presidency, he made that office one of real influence and power. He was the intimate friend and counselor of President McKinley, and exercised a strong influence on the conduct of public affairs. He was interested in many banking and other business corporations, and accumulated a large fortune. He died before the expiration of his term of office, on November 21, 1899.

HOBART, JOHN HENRY (1775-1830). A Protestant Episcopal bishop of New York. He was born in Philadelphia, Pa., and was the descendant in the fifth generation of a Puritan family of New England, originally established by Joshua Hobart at Hingham, Mass. He was left fatherless in his first year and was carefully trained by his mother. He graduated at Princeton in 1793, and was tutor from 1795 to 1798, when he took orders in the Episcopal ministry. His first charges were in Philadelphia, New Brunswick, N. J., and Hempstead, L. I. In 1800 he was appointed curate of Trinity Church, New York; in 1801 was ordained priest, and after showing marked ability in parish work, in various official capacities, and as the author of several ecclesiastical manuals, was elected Assistant Bishop of New York in 1811, and assistant rector of Trinity Parish in the following year. In 1816 he became rector of Trinity and Bishop of the diocese. In 1821 he was appointed professor of pastoral theology and oratory in the New York General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, of which in

stitution he was one of the founders. Il health

caused a suspension of his labors, and he spent the years 1824-25 in Europe, studying social, moral, and religious conditions. His return in 1826 was marked by renewed literary and pastoral activity, and on his annual visitation he traveled 3000 miles, heedless of the scanty transportation facilities, in his anxious watchfulness over the growing institutions of his ever-increasing diocese. The labors of his visitations, however, at length proved too much for his declining health, and a sudden failure of his powers was followed by his death at Auburn, N. Y., September 12, 1830. His writings, which went through many editions, include: Companion for the Altar (1804); Festivals and Fasts (1804); Clergyman's Companion (1805); Controversial Essays (1806); Apology for Apostolic Order (1807); The Christian's Manual (1814); The State of the Departed (1814); and A Comparison of the United States With England (1826). He also edited D'Oyley and Mant's "Family Bible" (2

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