are ten feet long, eight feet wide, and ten feet three inches to the eaves, giving a cubic content of 820 feet. Each has a small opening at the side of the door, near the floor, and a

rows, of four each, placed back to back. There is a passage of five feet wide in front of each row, with jalousied windows, and the cells open directly from them. The cells

barred opening over the door of the same width, and about three feet high. In the cells to the eastward there is an opening in the roof for ventilation; in those to the westward there is a similar opening, but instead of leading directly from the cell, it opens into the upper part of the passage already mentioned, and of course does not insure the same thorough ventilation as the other. There was no privy attached to the cells, and the prisoners in obeying the calls of nature had to go to a spot in the bottom of the ravine, where a temporary place was erected. The surface drainage passing through this spot carried off the soil completely.

The guard-room was a small wooden building raised from the ground on pillars. It was originally situated over the centre of the space now occupied by the front wall of the church, but was removed from this to the front of A room, about the end of September or first week in October. The trench for the foundation of the church was commenced on the north side on October 8th, and the ground opened all round by the 16th. The ground was not fairly filled in again before the end of October. The soil (not clay) removed from the trench was employed to raise the surface in front of the new guard-room. This guard-room was occupied until November 5th, when it was vacated, and the men on guard accommodated in marquees on the parade-ground.

At the commencement of the epidemic this guard furnished one sentry over the guard-room, one at the hospital, one at the quarter-master's store, and one at the canteen. At a later period two others were given for rooms C and F, when these were occupied by sick. There was, besides, a small guard of one corporal and three privates mounted over the cells every night, and which was accommodated in a bell tent close to the cells.

In the early part of June, 1856, two companies of the 36th Regiment were stationed at Up Park Camp, and the European artillery at Port Royal. On June 10th, the former were removed to Stony Hill; and the following day, thirty-five of the latter went to Stony Hill, and thirty-six to Newcastle. Four cases of yellow fever had proved fatal at Port Royal among the artillery between the 12th and 30th of May; and a man of the 36th died from the same disease at camp on May 10th.

In June two officers of the 36th died at Stony Hill of yellow fever-one on the 16th, and the other on the 29th; and about July 20th, fever of the same character began to show itself among the men, and continued during August. As this was attributed to the barrack being out of repair,* sixty-five of the 36th were removed to camp on August 9th, and on the 20th of the same month they left camp for Newcastle.

Fever continuing at Stony Hill, on August 21st, the men of the 36th who were able to proceed were sent to Newcastle, and the artillery to camp; but several cases proving fatal at camp subsequently, they also were moved to Newcastle on September 19th. The strength of the force at Newcastle during the last six months of the year was:

These numbers include one sergeant and eight men who were stationed at the Botanic Gardens, a post in a narrow valley six miles from Newcastle, on the road to Kingston, and about 1100 feet above the sea.

On the detachments from Camp and Stony Hill proceeding to Newcastle the troops were somewhat crowded, thirty-six men occupying each room, and the remainder being in tents on the flat space in the immediate vicinity of the rooms.

In consequence of two patients having contracted fever in hospital, the sick (with the exception of yellow fever cases) were removed from that building on September 21st,

Recent examination has directed attention to a considerable extent of marshy ground of long standing in the neighbourhood of the buildings at Stony Hill.

and accommodated in marquees on the open space in front of it. The building was whitewashed, and the sick re-occupied it on October 14th; but fever again appearing, they were removed on October 23rd to rooms C and D, which were cleaned for the purpose.

The first case of yellow fever which was seen at Newcastle in 1856 was that of Private William Green, 36th Regiment. This man had been suffering from chronic catarrh, and went to the Botanic Gardens on January 23rd, for change. He complained of being out of sorts on June 27th, but being sickly, little was thought of it; becoming worse, however, on the 29th he was removed to Newcastle, where he became yellow, had black vomit, and died on July 2nd. He had not had communication with any case of fever previous to his own attack, and had not been away from the post above half a mile at any time. The sergeant and the men at the post remained healthy, both then and throughout the subsequent epidemic at Newcastle.*

On going to the hospital, Private Green was placed in No. 3 ward, in which there were several other patients; the number under treatment at the time was 20. There was no other case for some time.

On August 21st, the detachment from Stony Hill arrived at Newcastle, and the following day two of them, Privates Brown and Griffiths, went to the hospital with fever; the former died on August 25th, and the latter on the 27th, both being yellow, and having had black vomit. Another man of this detachment, Private Anderson, went to hospital on the 23rd, and died on the 26th, presenting the same symptoms. On August 24th, another, Private Rossu, who arrived from Stony Hill that day, went to hospital, and died on the 28th, with the same symptoms. Private Reuben Smith arrived from Up Park Camp on August 28th, where he had been in hospital under treatment for remittent fever from August 12th to the 27th; as he complained of weakness, he was taken into hospital, though not then placed on the books. On the 31st, fever appeared, while in hospital, and he died on September 7th, with yellowness of the surface, and black vomit. These men were accommodated in No. 2 ward, in which there were several other patients; the total number of sick in hospital at the time increasing from 24 on August 23rd, to 33 on Sept. 7th. These cases may be, perhaps, referred to the low ground; at all events, nothing decided can be said as to where they were produced; the next, however, is more important, and requires special consideration.

Private Henry G. Meloney, 36th Regiment, the next case, arrived from Stony Hill on August 21st, and was accommodated in a tent at the west end of the hospital, and to the north of the orderly-room. This was a delicate-looking man; he had been under treatment for fever a day or two before he left Stony Hill, but since his arrival at Newcastle had been employed on the public works, though weak and sickly. He got wet on September 6th, and had a rigor, and he attributed his subsequent illness to that wetting. He was admitted on September 7th, labouring under low fever, which pursued an obscurely remittent form until the night of the 14th. The following day there was a considerable improvement, and in the evening a decided exacerbation, and the tongue then presented for the first time the red tip and sides so common in yellow fever. The fever continued during the 16th, and on the 17th there was pain in the chest (epigastrium), for which a sinapism was applied with relief, and about midday the fever remitted. There was slight fever during the night, and the following day yellowness of the surface was noted, and in the evening vomiting of brownish matters and much prostration. From this period he gradually became weaker, and died on the 19th, at half-past nine p.m. On opening the body, the liver was found large, pale, and friable, and the stomach and intestines contained a large quantity of black vomit.

It is not easy to determine whether this case should be attributed to the low ground, or whether it was the result of exposure at Newcastle. The man had been sick at Stony Hill, but was at work seventeen days at Newcastle before he got wet, and manifested symptoms of fever there-a long period of incubation, but not longer than has been occasionally observed, so that nothing can be satisfactorily deduced from that.

* Dr. Bowerbank informed me that there were two cases of yellow fever in this neighbourhood: one on Sept. 16th, which recovered, and the other on Oct. 9th, which proved fatal: both individuals, however, had been away from the locality in the low ground previously.

The course of the disease was unusual for yellow fever, having gone on from the 6th to the 14th, without displaying the character of that disease decidedly. On the 15th, there was either a relapse or an attack of a new fever, which presented the peculiar tongue frequently seen in yellow fever; this remitted on the forenoon of the 17th, and was accompanied by the uneasiness about the præcordia characteristic of this disease; and the following day the yellowness of skin, irritability of stomach, and sinking, and terminated fatally on the 19th. The latter part of the course of the disease was in every respect, therefore, analogous to the ordinary course of yellow fever, and it is difficult to suppose that, had the original attack been of this nature, some of the symptoms it subsequently presented would not then have shown themselves. These speculations are of importance, for if the original attack were remittent fever only, then the subsequent yellow fever must have arisen from causes in operation at Newcastle, and not from poisoning of the system during his residence at Stony Hill; for had that been the case, it would have been brought into action on the first attack on September 6th.

Meloney was treated in No. 2 ward, the same in which Smith, the last man labouring under yellow fever, was, and in the next bed to that in which he was, in the north-west corner of the ward. Smith died at seven A.M., on September 7th, and the body, with the bedding, was removed in half an hour to the dead house; while we have seen that Meloney was actually indisposed the previous day, and he came to hospital at ten A.M. only. His first attack of fever, therefore, arose independently of the hospital or of its inmates; had contagion been superadded to the first attack, it must be concluded that the form would have been aggravated at once, and it is contrary to all experience to suppose that the disease would have gone on for a week, at the end of that time show the improvement it did, and then, from contagion applied a week before, assume the characters of yellow fever.

The question is, therefore, narrowed to this: if his first attack were yellow fever, it was called into action by his getting wet on the 6th, and the state of the system determining that form of disease may have been contracted either at Stony Hill or at Newcastle, there is no evidence to determine which; if the first attack were merely remittent, the subsequent one must be altogether attributable to causes in operation at Newcastle, and if the reasoning given above be correct, these could not have been connected with specific contagion.

On September 17th and 18th, two men who were in the same ward with Meloney, at its south-east corner, became affected with fever, which assumed the yellow form. These were Privates Joseph Austin and Timothy Wild, both labouring under ophthalmia; the former had been under treatment since April 10th, and the latter since August 30th, and it is believed neither had been away from Newcastle since March. Both had yellow skin and black vomit, and Wild died on the 20th; the other recovered.

These were the first cases of yellow fever in men who had not been away from Newcastle, and they arose under circumstances sufficiently suspicious. From the above details it is clear that they can decide nothing as to the causes of the disease, unless that these, whatever their nature may be, were in operation.

The next cases which occurred, however, are of greater use; these were in Private David Monk, who was engaged on the public works, and lived in the piazza of A room, and Mrs. Bell, who lived in B room, which was occupied by married soldiers and their families. These rooms, as will be seen by the plan, are one hundred feet in front of the hospital, and at a considerably lower level, and are ninety-five distant from each other. Monk, while engaged at the public works, got wet on Saturday, September 20th; on the Sunday he was feverish in his room, and the following morning went to hospital; he died on September 26th, yellow, with black vomit.

Mrs. Bell, an industrious, respectable woman, was attacked on September 22nd, and died on the 25th; yellow, with black vomit. So far as could be ascertained at the time, neither of these had been away from Newcastle since the early part of March. Immediately after their decease inquiries were made to ascertain whether either had had communication with those who were previously sick, or had washed clothes for them, or been in any way exposed to contagion, but no trace could be found of communica

tion, in any way, with the sick, or with each other. The husband of Mrs. Bell was not attacked subsequently.

These cases occurred under circumstances so different from those preceding them, that many of the doubtful points surrounding the origin of the latter can be eliminated. They do not appear to have been away from Newcastle for months previously, therefore their attacks cannot be attributed to the influence of the low ground. They do not seem to have had any communication with others labouring under the disease, either directly or indirectly, therefore it cannot be attributed to specific contagion; and they lived in different buildings, and do not seem to have had communication with each other, therefore they afford a stronger proof of the cause being in operation at Newcastle, and somewhat diffused.

While these circumstances were taking place, several cases of fever occurred in barracks, but they presented none of the malignity of the yellow fever, and were returned as Febris C. C. Of these, one, Private Walsh, came from A room on September 2nd. This man had been on guard on August 1st. He belonged to the light company, which had not been away from Newcastle for some time previously. The next was Private Smithson, who lived in a tent between the hospital and B room, who went to hospital on September 11th; he came from Stony Hill on August 21st. The next case was from A room on September 14th. The subject of it, Private William Ball, Light Cavalry, had been on guard on the 2nd. Another case occurred on the 15th, in Private Whilehan, in L room. This man was permanently employed on the public works. The next case was that of Private John Lye, who lived in B room, and was employed as regimental policeman. He was attacked on September 17th. The next case was that of Private Fallon, who lived in H room, and who came from Up Park Camp on the 20th August. He was attacked on the 19th September. Another man, Private George Fisher, arrived from Up Park Camp on September 24th, and went to hospital immediately. On September 26th, Serjeant Freeman was admitted from B room. came from Up Park Camp on August 20th, and had been on guard on September 17th. Another came from L room on September 26th. The subject of it, Private Sturdy, had been on guard the previous day.

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Of these men, Walsh, Ball, Whilehan, and Lye were treated in No 1 ward, and Smithson in No. 2, and all subsequently were placed in marquees outside, when the hospital was evacuated on September 21st. Whilehan had one scruple of quinine and five grains of calomel on the day of admission. Freeman had ten grains of quinine, and Sturdy ten grains of quinine with eight grains of calomel. The others had from nine to fifteen grains of quinine each the second day. In none of these cases were there either yellowness of surface or hæmorrhages of any kind, and they all recovered. They were returned as common continued fever from the first, and nothing arose during their progress to alter this opinion. It seemed proper to introduce them here, not that they have any very important bearing on the case, further than showing that the disposition to fever was, if anything, more remarkable then in the neighbourhood of the hospital and rooms A and B, than anywhere else in the cantonment.

On September 27th, Serjeant Joseph Catton, who was acting as serjeant-major and had been drinking very hard for some time, was taken to hospital at six a.m., affected apparently with epilepsy; there was tenderness of epigastrium, some irritability of stomach, and vomiting of brownish matter resembling incipient black vomit. He died at one p.m., in a fit. On examining the body, the surface was yellowish; the membranes of the brain congested; the mucous membrane of the stomach of a bright scarlet colour, denuded of epithelium around the cardiac orifice, and containing some light brown fluid. The liver had the nutmeg appearance. It may be doubted whether this were a case of yellow fever, but the appearances on dissection agree very closely with those found in that disease. From September 1st he lived in the serjeants' mess-room, a building to the south of B room; his duties as serjeant-major would require him to be moving about much, though they were not likely to have brought him in contact with the sick; but upon this point there is no positive information.

On October 7th, Private Charles Voile went to hospital. In him the disease assumed the form of yellow fever, and he became yellow, and had black stools. He had not