The Medical Profession in Ancient Times

Nations in which the art of medicine was unknown as a distinct

occupation,

The first practitioner of Rome,

The Druids of Europe,

The Vaidhyas of India,

The Lamas of Central Asia,

The Tla-quill-aughs of America,

The Priests of Egypt,

THE ORIGIN OF MEDICINE AMONG THE GREEKS.

1. The Gymnasia and their course of Education,

18

2. The Schools of Philosophy,

20

The School of Pythagoras at Crotona,

20

Democedes of Crotona,

21

The Academy and Lyceum,

22

3. The Temples of Asculapius, their usages, rules, and symbols, 25

Æsculapius and his descendants,

29

Other Medical Divinities,

30

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4. The Periodeutæ or Itinerant Practitioners,

30

Progress of the Profession in Greece, before the age of Pericles, 33

Their modes of Initiation similar to those of the other Mys-

teries or Secret Associations of Greece,

The Eleusinian, Dionysian, and other Mysteries,

Their three degrees or stages of Advancement similar to those

of the early universities of Europe,

Course of Training among the Asclepiadæ,

The Ceremony of Coronation,

The Medical Acquirements of the Asclepiadæ,

Herodicus of Selymbria,

The Policy and Ethics of the Asclepiadæ,

Their Social Rank,

36

39

40

41

42

44

CHAPTER IV.

HIPPOCRATES AND HIS IMMEDIATE SUCCESSORS.

Personal History of Hippocrates,

The Hippocratic Writings,

The Doctrines of Hippocrates and of his followers,

The Schools of Cos and Cnidos,

The Plague of Athens,

The Anatomical and Physiological views of Aristotle,

The Last of the Asclepions of Cos and Cnidos,

45

48

52

57

61

66

72

CHAPTER V.

PERGAMUS AND ALEXANDRIA.

The Asclepion and Library of Pergamus,

The Founding and Institutions of Alexandria,

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PAGE

76

The Temple of Serapis, its Library,

The Museum ; its organization and courses of Instruction ; its

Faculties,

The Use of Papyrus and of Parchment,

THE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT ALEXANDRIA.

84

85

87

Herophilus, Dissections of the Human Body,

Erasistratus,

Writers on Dietetics, Pharmacy, and Surgery,

The Business of Teaching not confined to the Museum,

Devices of the Priests of Serapis,

The Teaching of Medicine at Alexandria, after the period of

Herophilus and Erasistratus,

The Rationalists, the Empirics, and other sects,

THE SCHOOLS OF SMYRNA, PERGAMUS, AND EPIDAURUS.

93

CHAPTER VIII.

THE SCHOOLS OF ROME.

SECTION I.-From their Origin to the Rise of the Eclectics.

The Introduction of Grecian Learning among the Romans,

Asclepiades of Bithynia,

The Early Surgeons and Oculists of Rome,

105

The Doctrines of the Rationalists and Dogmatists,

106

The Doctrines of the Empirics,

108

.

1

PAGE

Themison of Laodicea, and the Doctrines of the Methodic

Sect,

110

Celsus, and his Writings,

Athenæus, and the Pneumatic Sect, .

124

Agathinus and the Eclectics,

125

.

SECTION II.—The Later Methodists of the Roman School.

.

Roman Authors, writing in Greek, :

Andromachus of Crete,

Thessalus of Tralles,

The Practice of the Later Methodists,

The Obstetric Art,

Aspasia and Moschion,

The Culinary Art, Apicius Cælius,

SECTION III.-—Pliny the Elder.

Contagion and Infection,

The Art of Distilling Alcohol from Wine,

Progress of Medicine at Rome up to the time of Galen,

140

141

CHAPTER IX.

GREEK WRITERS AND TEACHERS, NOT OF THE ROMAN SCHOOL, BUT

CONTEMPORARY WITH IT.

Dioscorides of Anazarba,

Ruffus of Ephesus, .

Aretæus of Cappadocia, .

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144

145

PAGE

147

.

Marcellus of Sida,

Quintus, Marinus, Satyrius, and others, of the School of Perga-

mus,

147

.

Reasons for the Decay of the Roman School,

GREEK MEDICAL WRITERS AND MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS SUBSEQUENT

TO GALEN.

.

Cæsarius,

Rivalry in the Schools of Athens,

Oribasius,

Hospitals and Medical Institutions of Christianity,

The Hospital of Cæsarea,

Perabolani,

The Nosocomi,

Nemesius, Bishop of Emessa,

Jacob Psychrestus,

The Last of the Ancient Latins, Macer Floridus, ·

.

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The Medical Profession in Ancient Times: An Anniversary Discourse