"2 ture. He could shut up church and cloister, put the altars un- CHAP. XI der mourning, and deny a suffering people all the solaces of religion, from the act of baptism to the final offices of grace.' Under the old regime in Russia, the Tsar through the Oberprocuror of the Holy Synod held the Church captive and by means of twenty thousand village priests was able to disseminate among his credulous subjects any lie which suited his purpose as, e.g., that the massacre of 1500 on "Red Sunday" in 1905 was caused by English and Japanese spies who incited the Petrograd workmen to march upon the palace simply in order to have them killed! It is sacrcely necessary to recall how characteristic has been alliance between throne and altar during the struggle of the European peoples against absolutism, how centralized churches. have preached the Divine Right of kings, urged unquestioning obedience to constituted authorities as God's will, and opened their bosoms to the greatest dynastic tyrants and mass murderers, while hurling their heaviest thunders upon nearly all the heroic self-sacrificing lovers of their fellowmen, who have contributed to bring in the new day. 6. Ignorance. The spread of secular knowledge unsettles dominion in so far as it rests on ideas. The Romanoffs generally cherished the brutish ignorance of their subjects as the brightest jewel of their crown. They did what they could to make difficulties for the zemstvos in their policy of planting schools among the common people. Tsarism feared all teaching it did not control and no association or individual might open a school without express authorization. Gymnasium and university were subject to the most high-handed interferences in order that the young scholars they turned out might be "reliable" and "safe." Both the Absolutist and the Absolutist Church Keep the Lamp -grow Turned In South America neither the ruling proprietary class nor the Church desire to dispel the darkness which reigns in the minds of the masses. The hacendados fear lest schooling make the children of the agricultural laborer — the peon or inquilino up demanding, or restless, and migrant. They want the son to Down stay on in his father's mud hut content with the old hard rough life, attached to the hacienda and its master and deaf to the call of opportunity elsewhere. As one put it to me, "We don't want the children of our inquilinos disturbed in their minds." 2 Hepworth Dixon, "British Cyprus," p. 47. CHAP. XI The Dominated to Partner- Continued the Char acter of the Dominated The Church loves popular enlightenment as little as the master, but for reasons of her own. The priest wants the peons ignorant in order that he may hold them submissive to his authority, keep their feet from straying from the path of eternal salvation, and be relieved from the necessity of defending his doctrines, combating heresies and meeting the competition of the Protestant missionary. If, however, popular education must come, by all means keep it out of the hands of secular authorities, let the Church provide it herself in her own parish school where, as I was assured, " Religion saturates the entire course of study." 7. The sharing of the benefits from domination. When an empire has a superior culture to impart, its domination may be profitable to both parties. To the peoples she brought under her sway Rome offered peace, internal order, security of industry and property, Roman law, public works and the classical culture. Her rule was iron but broadly just and provinces like Spain and Gaul, which had resisted her yoke with desperation, later flourished wonderfully and became intensely loyal. Spain brought into the Americas many elements of advancement and might have retained her colonies had she been less avaricious and cruel in her policy respecting them. The British raj in India and still more in the Malay States has brought great benefits to the subject peoples. The American rule in the Philippines still more resembles a partnership between dominators and dominated. RESULTS OF DOMINATION Subjection to a foreign yoke is one of the most potent causes tion Spoils of the decay of national character. Take, for example, the Hindoos. A Greek writer, Arrian, declares that "they are remarkably brave, superior in war to all Asiatics; they are remarkable for simplicity and integrity; so reasonable as never to have recourse to law suit and so honest as neither to require locks to their doors nor writings to bind their agreements. No Indian was ever known to tell an untruth." This portrays the precise opposite of modern Hindoo character and the change can be accounted for only by the long subjection of the race to the rule of the foreigner. The character of the Greeks a century ago at the time of their struggle of liberation from the Turks was in glaring contrast to that of the classical Greeks. The generations which have come on the scene since then show in growing measure the virtues of CHAP. XI freemen. The Syrians and Armenians are undoubtedly fine people but life under oppression has tainted them with the vices of lying and trickery. Not until the second generation after the breaking of the Turkish yoke will they recover the normal character of the race. The East-European Hebrews also show much moral deformity from subjection to the will of aliens. The effect of male domination upon the character of women is well known. Just as the Turks regard Armenian trickiness as a race trait instead of the result of their own violence, so the deceit and cajolery by which women gain their ends under the masculine yoke are looked upon as sex characters instead of natural products of domination. The Saracenic civilization was intensely male and hence it is not surprising that the tales of the "Thousand and One Nights" harp continually on the "malice and craft" of women. Even a domination which is just and benevolent may stunt the spiritual growth of a people. The British domination of Egypt makes for the material prosperity of the people but does not advance them appreciably toward the plane of self-government. The élite of the Hindoos feel that the alien dominion has a blighting effect upon the higher life of the people of India. The definitive removal from the sphere of activity of a people of most of the matters calling for collective thought or will depresses and effeminates. A share in government, and finally self-government should be held out to a dominated people as an inducement to "make good." The American diffusion of education among the Filipinos taken in conjunction with the promise of eventual autonomy stimulates them with hope and causes them to progress rapidly. No large simple maxim like “ No man is good enough to govern another without that other's consent " or its opposite, "The backward races are the white man's burden," gives trustworthy guidance in the question of domination. The people of Turkestan were immensely benefited by being brought under the Tsar's scepter. It is fair question whether the people of Venezuela or Ecuador would not be better off under European domination than under the government they actually get. On the other hand, the Japanese have certainly developed farther than if, like the Indians or the Burmese, they had fallen under alien rule. The Domina- tion Is in Some CHAP. XI subjection of the Chinese to foreign domination would be in the end an incalculable misfortune for them. No doubt it is important that all men everywhere be put quickly in possession of civilization; but the case of Japan shows that appropriation of a higher culture does not call for the surrender of political independence. Nothing is more poisonous than the doctrine that some one people has been chosen to disseminate the true faith or the true civilization among the rest of mankind without heed to the wishes of these dwellers in darkness. CHAPTER XII EXPLOITATION THE HE leading purpose in dominating is to exploit, i.e., to use others as means to one's own ends. Of exploitation we may distinguish various kinds. KINDS OF EXPLOITATION 1. Sexual. This has been one great object of women capture. Booty and Beauty" have been the two spurs pricking the young men of the tribe to warlike undertakings. Sometimes a beaten people is bound to deliver to the conquerors not only a tribute of produce but also a tribute of maidens. In certain Malay states the sultan not only exacts taxes of his subjects but requires the subject's daughter to pass thru his harem. 2. Religious. The conquerors may require the beaten to become worshippers of their god, to furnish youths to be sacrificed or maidens to be dedicated to the service of the god. They think thus to ingratiate themselves with the deity. 3. Egotic. The ego dilates and glories in signs of abasement and devotion on the part of others. The Roman master exacted of his on-hangers (clientes) that they should attend him when he showed himself in public and thereby greaten his dignity. Later the great senatorial landowner required of his tenants-atwill that they should periodically pay him their obsequium or humble respects. The feudal king exacted homage of his fiefholders, Louis XIV of France, the "Sun King," expected his loyal courtiers to gather at the Ox-Eye window of his palace to observe his going to bed and his getting up. The rise of the monarchy on the ruins of feudalism in the seventeenth century involved the transformation of the lord living on and governing his fief into the courtier, who obtained for his son a place in army, state or church, for his daughter a good marriage, only by settling at the royal court and contributing to the pomp and glory of the monarch. Taken together, however, all these species of exploitation |