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hold of the tiller. We have, also, on dure, that soon follows. There are mathe 8th page, the affections wielded and ny more incongruities, and tautologies; marshalled, at the same time. Inter- and many ill-joined ideas, which we rupted, is a word of stronger import than have not room to notice. In fine, the withstood, and yet, "the triumphs of only good qualities, which belong to eloquence, though interrupted, cannot the style of this Valedictory, are the be withstood." And, then, again, free- structure of the sentences, and the pudom flings her breath upon certain rity of the words. We think the senwords; and people are mode delirious tences are well varied, and easy, and by drinking freedom. Now, we should the words good English. But of the not wish, for our country, or for our- metaphors and similies, for which Mr. selves, any freedom that is crazy. Sampson seems to have a most ungovernable appetite, of almost every one of them, we may say with Horace, "nec pes, nec caput uni Reddatur formæ."

The pro

The whole of the ornamental part of Mr. Sampson's style, we think is radi. cally wrong. He has a great deal too much trope and figure

"His mouth he cannot ope
But out there flies a trope."

Then there is the march of a stream, and eloquence is said to exhibit this march, at one time, and at another, the roar of an impetuous torrent. But, according to Euclid, things equal to the same thing, are equal to one another; ergo, a march and a roar are equal. Mr. Sampson has favoured us, too, with a new kind of revelation: ecce signum! “Truth shall reveal herself to eyes accustomed to radiance." Besides, figures should have as much phetic rhapsody, along here, however, truth-as much logical connexion, as will do tolerably well for those who are simple propositions. Fancy should not given to visions, until it comes to where be allowed to cruise, after poor sense "our triumphs slumber in the calm, and has become tired.' Errors of this sort lighten in the storm." In the course of are not morally wrong; they neither eight lines, there are four triumphs, the break a man's leg, nor pick his pocket ;' last of which, is to be sounded forth in but when they are found in the printed "strains glorious as a trumpet." What performances of those who claim to be a glorious strain! Such strains are, we scholars and orators, they may, and must believe, rarer than the greener ver- should be exposed. L.

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ART. 3. An Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology, being an Introduction to the study of these Sciences, and designed for the use of Pupils; for persons attending Lectures on these subjects, and as a Companion for travellers in the United States of America. By Parker Cleaveland, Professor, in Bowdoin College, &c. &c. Boston, Cummings & Hilliard. 8vo. pp. 668. 1816,

THE work before us is auspicious of and Geology in many of our colleges the advancement of the physical and institutions. Professor Cleaveland sciences in the United States. Mine is Lecturer on mineralogy in Bowdoin ralogy has heretofore been cultivated College, Maine ;-William Dandridge by few in this country; but the vast Peck, Esq. Professor of Natural History field for research in this department of in the University of Cambridge, includes nature lying open, has at length invited mineralogy and geology in his acadeattention; and an increasing taste for mic course;-Benjamin Silliman, Esq. investigation in this science begins to has for a number of years lectured on pervade the community. Public lec- chemistry, and latterly on mineralogy, as tures are annually given on Mineralogy a distinct science, in Yale College, Newe

Haven; and Doctors Mitchill & Bruce Mitchill has been one of the foremost have, annually, for a number of years among those who have laboured to extend past, given separate courses on this sub- a knowledge of mineralogy. We have ject in New-York. These gentlemen attended his lectures, and been delightare among those who have pioneered ed with his discourses on a subject, the way through the uncultivated forests which, from abstract considerations, of America, and brought to light the might be thought dry and uninterestmineral riches of our country. Their ing. He has collected and preserved, lectures have been thinly attended, un- in the Medical Repository of Newtil of late years the spirit of investiga- York, observations and facts connected tion has spread, and their hearers have with the science, which will descend to become more numerous. Hence has posterity, as specimens of his industry arisen the call for publications on mine- and attention to this department of ralogy, and hence professor Cleaveland scientific information. Dr. Seybert, of has been industriously employed in col- Philadelphia, has paid attention to the lecting information for an elementary mineralogy of the United States, and work on mineralogy and geology, which deserves credit for his publications in the is the subject of our examination. Works Medical Museum, and, though for many of this kind are now read with avidity; years a representative in the congress societies are formed for the cultivation of the United States from Philadelphia, of the natural sciences,-among which, he has not abandoned science for the mineralogy holds a distinguished rank; uncertainty of politics. One of the cabinets are formed by public bodies most zealous cultivators of mineralogy in and individuals, and periodical journals the United States, is Col. George Gibbs, circulate information on this subject. of Rhode Island, now a resident of NewThese gentlemen are not the only per- York. His taste and his fortune have sons who have cultivated this science concurred in making him the proprietor in the United States, or helped to dif- of one of the most extensive and valuafuse a knowledge of the rising impor- ble assortments of minerals that, protance of our country, on account of the bably, exist in America. Col. Gibbs mineral treasures of the soil. They, has offered to deposite in the Cabinet of perhaps, have done more than others the New-York Historical Society, a by their public lectures and publica- part of his minerals,-where preparations to produce a taste for mineralogy, tion is now making to receive them; and diffuse a knowledge of the bles- and it is intended to give public sings arising from its cultivation. lectures in the chambers of this society Professor Silliman has done much at the New-York Institution. Mr. credit to himself, and to science, by his M-Clure has published a geological map lectures and experiments, and particu- of the United States, illustrating the larly by his publications on mineralo- Wernerian arrangement of the magy, in our periodical journals. Dr. terials of the globe, which will afford Bruce returned from Europe with a aid and facility in this science in its aplarge collection of specimens, which plication to this country. Professor form an elegant cabinet of minerals, Cleaveland's work is ornamented with still in his possession, and which he has Mr. McClure's map and its explanation. used in illustration of his annual lectures We would gladly name many others of on this subject. He is the editor of the "Mineralogical Journal," occasionally published in New-York, and in which are embodied communications on this subject, and all the recent information and discoveries in this science, Dr.

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our countrymen, who have not been wanting in zeal for the cultivation of mineralogy, but our limits forbid any further enumeration; we must attend to the work before us.

The first 87 pages of Professor Cleave

1817.

Cleaveland's Mineralogy.

2. There exists another class of rocks, less

distinctly the result of crystallization than the
preceding, in part composed of mechanical
deposites, and sometimes containing petri-
factions. This class, to which belong gray-
wacke, certain varieties of greenstone and
limestone, &c. lies over the primitive rocks,
when both classes occur together, and is call-

ed the transition class.

3. The third class is composed of those, which are called secondary rocks. These are always situated over or above the primitive or transition rocks, and often abound with organic remains or petrifactions. They ap pear to be chiefly mechanical deposites from water; in this class we find sandstones, and certain varieties of limestone.

land's work, compose his "introduction to the study of mineralogy," in which he enters into the subject of crystallography according to the method of the Abbé Haüy. The introduction consists of four parts, viz. 1. Definitions and preliminary observations. 2. Properties of minerals. 3. Systematic arrangement of minerals. 4. Nomenclature of minerals. The properties of minerals embrace, crystallization, physical or external, and chemical characters. Systematic arrangement comprises observations on the general principles of arrangement; arrangement according to the system of Werner; arrangement according to their chemical composition, and the description of minerals. The nomenclature of minerals, 5. Volcanic productions form the fifth contained in the fourth chapter, exhibits a tabular view of simple minerals, or the method adopted in the succeeding pages of the work.

4. Alluvial substances constitute the fourth class. They consist of clay, sand, pebbles, &c. and are evidently produced in a great declasses. gree by the disintegration of the preceding

class.

This division of the materials of the earth's surface, embraces the system of Werner, the celebrated teacher of mineMineralogy is said to be the key to ralogy and professor at Freyburg. geology. The first considers the mate- The supporters of the Wernerian arrials of our globe singly, unconnected, rangement are numerous; but notwithand in detail, while the latter, profiting standing able mineralogists have doubtby mineralogical facts, takes up the ed the truth of his system, and opposed whole subject matter, and viewing it with great warmth, and though the things in their proper situation and re- German professor was never in Amerilation to others, endeavours to form ca, this application of his theory to the correct opinions on the origin and for existing state of things in the United mation of our planet. Their connexion States, is so admirably adapted, that it and relation are, therefore, inseparable. raises a belief in the general applicaGeology follows, and is the application tions of his doctrine, and gives a strong of mineralogy. Our author says, (page proof of the great and discriminating qua83.) lities of bis mind. We are happy to find Professor Cleaveland espousing the opinions of Werner, but we must give him 1. The first class contains the primitive or the credit of stating with impartiality primary rocks, such as granite, gneiss, mica- at the same time, (p. 593,) the Huttoceous slate, certain limestones, &c. These nian theory of the earth in comparison rocks are chiefly composed of various simple with that of the German professor. minerals, irregularly crystalized, and aggregated without the intervention of any ce- This is done in his introduction to geoment. They never contain organic remains logy, (p. 586,) where he enters into a of animals or vegetables. When connected detail of the opinions and doctrines of with rocks, belonging to a different class, they occupy the lowest place, in reference the professor of Freyburg, to which to the centre of the earth. They are there- we would refer our readers for a full fore supposed to have been first formed, and and complete view of the subject. He have accordingly received the name of primi- concludes with explanation of tive rock.* M-Clure's geological map, which adorns the work, together with five plates illus trative of Hauy's crystallography. The

Those minerals which fall under the cog nizance of geology, may be divided into five classes.

* For an explanation of the word formation, as applied to extensive deposites of minerals, see remarks on geology, at the close of the volume

an

rest of the work, from page 87 to page 586, comprises the mineralogy of our author divided into four classes, viz.

Class 1. Substances not metallic, composed entirely or in part of an acid. 2. Earthy compounds or stones. 3. Combustibles. 4. Ores.

The

editions more perfect. There is no account of aerolites, or those substances, whether earthy or metallic, which have so often fallen from the atmosphere, particularly in the United States. The mineral waters of our country, so numerous and important, are unnoticed, With respect to this arrangement, except where (p. 105) it is mentioned, we shall not pretend to say whether it that the waters of Ballston, Saratoga, is the best that could be formed, since and Lebanon Springs, in the state of it is sufficient for the purpose intended, New-York, contain carbonic acid. We and we are satisfied that whoever un- have visited these springs, and can assure dertakes to examine into the subject, Professor C. that he is correct in the two the work before us will give him infor- first, but not so in the last. Lebanon mation if uninformed, or refresh his Spring, in the town of Canaan, Colummemory if a proficient in mineralogy. bia County, issues from the south side of The old division into earths, metals, a hill, through a limestone of secondary salts, and inflammables, was more fami- formation, underlaid by slate. liar to our mind; but Professor Cleave- water is tepid and pure, without_imland has rendered the subject more pregnation of earth or acid. Bubscientific, by uniting the chemical me- bles of air are constantly extricated, thod with those of Haüy and others. and rise through the water, but do not The progressive improvement of the combine with it; for on collecting and sciences, and the new discoveries in examining a quantity, it was found to mineralogy, will render all systematic be nothing more than atmospheric air. arrangement imperfect and liable to As the localities of American minechange. We should, therefore, have rals are important to our country, and been satisfied if the method of Cron- additional information, on this subject, sted and Kirwan had been adhered to, will render Professor C's work more since the attempt to keep pace with valuable, we take the liberty of referchemical investigation is incomplete, ring him to some localities, not meninasmuch as the important discoveries tioned in his work. of professor Davy, that barytes, silex, lime, &c. are metallic substances, is not adverted to by our author.

There is a nitre cave in Henderson County, Kentucky, which has been discovered and explored for ten miles The descriptive inineralogy of Profes- beneath the surface, having numerous sor Cleaveland is very good. He adheres ramifications. (Med. Repos. vol. xvii. p. to the following method throughout the 391.) There are numerous caves of this whole of his work. The subject is kind in Kentucky, but this exceeds first described, the chemical characters the one described, (p. 108,) and all are given, its uses, the geological situa- others hitherto known. On the subject tion, and its localities. It is on the of the muriate of soda, (p. 115,) our latter point where the importance of author has omitted the incrustations of the subject rests, that the merits of salt on the Arkansas river, and the exour author are conspicuous. The whole istence of a salt mountain, high up the work may be considered as an elabo- Missouri. (Med. Repos. vol. vii. p. rate and well digested compilation, and 408.) Gypsum has been found abunin collecting the localities of American minerals, the volume is rendered highly valuable, both to ourselves and foreign

dant in Pennsylvania, on the Susquehannah, and in Kentucky, of which we have seen specimens, and it has been brought from 150 leagues up the In this work are some omissions, Missouri. (Med. Repos. vol. viii. p. 80.) which if supplied, may render future Allum is manufactured in New-Jersey,

ers.

from pyrites, and is found native on mice has been found near Hudson city, Shawangunk mountain in the state of in New-York. Sulphate of barytes is New-York. (Med. Repos. vol. ix. p. found in Sussex county, New-Jersey, 326.) According to the best of our re- (Med. Rep. vol. 7.) Sulphuret of Mocollection, adamantine spar has been lybdena, in Chester county, Pennsylvafound near Philadelphia. On the sub- nia; and in Westchester county of this ject of quartz, (p. 215) Dr. Arnell is state. Manganese, in Nova Scotia, and quoted as authority. This gentleman New-York, (Med. Rep. vol. xi.) Anmade a communication on the mine- timony, near Saugerties, (Med. Rep. ralogy of the country where he lived, vol. x.) Sulphate of magnesia, in a but by some unaccountable mistake he cave, in Green Briar county, Virginia, made the granulated quartz of Shawan (Med. Repos. vol. ix.) Asphaltum, at gunk mountain, to be the arid dry Cape St. Antonio, in the island of Cuquartz of Kirwan, which is not the case. ba, (Med. Rep. vol. viii.) and sulphur, Being unacquainted with the subject, in Ontario county, New-York, (Med. he introduced an entire paragraph, Rep. vol. ix. p. 88.) as his own, from a communication in These are a few of the localities the Med. Repos. (vol. ix. p. 326,) and which have occurred to our recollecby a wrong application perverted the tion, and many others not enumerated sense. In addition to the localities of flint, by Professor Cleaveland, may be found Professor C. may add, that it is found by consulting the Medical Repository of abundantly near Asbury, in Sussex New-York, of which 18 volumes have county, New-Jersey, and in scattering been published. nodules wherever limestone abounds in Upon the whole, we consider this that state, as examined by the writer work a valuable acquisition to the sciof this article, who visited that country, ence of mineralogy, and take pleasure with a particular view, by order of in recommending it to the attention of government, during the late war. He students and others interested in the has also seen hexagonal crystals of subject, and we hope the author will mica, in the granite found near New- be better rewarded than authors geneYork. No locality for pumice is given rally are, and be requited by somein the United States. A red speci- thing more than our thanks for his men, from the Missouri, was in the pos- labour.

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ART. 4. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DR. RUSHI.

WE have copied, by permission, from and Galen, to Sydenham and Boer

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Dr. Hosack's Discourse, introduc- haave, the learned Professor proceeds: tory to a course of Lectures on the Theo- 'But, gentlemen, while we thus rery and Practice of Physic, delivered in vere the great and the good of the old the College of Physicians and Surgeons world, let us do homage to merit in the of New-York, and published in the fourth new. While we acknowledge the bevolume of the Medical and Philosophi- nefits which the science of medicine has cal Register, a work replete with use- received from the physicians of Europe, ful and entertaining matter, the follow- let us not be unmindful of the debt of ing interesting biographical sketch of gratitude we owe to a native of our own one of the most ingenious and erudite soil, who was no less an ornament to physicians, and one of the most amia- human nature, than his various exerble and accomplished men of his age. tions have been precious to his profesAfter paying a just tribute to the lu- sion, to science, and his country. minaries of other days, to Hippocrates,

"Your feelings, I trust, will be in uni

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