eight vowel-marks, and placing each at the top and bottom, or beginning and end, of the articulation-mark to denote two sounds.

A difference in the vowel-mark to indicate long or short quantity, can never be necessary, except for the 10th and 13th vowels; as the 2nd and 5th are always short; the 1st, 3rd, 6th, 7th, 8th, 11th, and 12th always long; and the 4th and 9th always short except when preceding R final or followed by an articulation. In the scheme, the 10th and 13th vowels are marked with the quantitative distinction.

A vowel between two articulations may be written either after the first or before the second, as may be most convenient. Vowels to be pronounced before the articulation are written to the left of perpendicular or sloping marks, or above horizontal characters; and to be uttered after the articulation, they must be placed to the right of the former, or below the latter.

Thus far the scheme is complete for the purposes of a correct notation of speech; to adapt the system for rapid short-hand-writing, various principles of contraction must be made use of. But our object in introducing Phonography in this work being merely to furnish a means of accurately noting sounds, and of fixing, in the memory of those who study our analysis of speech, its fundamental principles, we cannot here enter upon the stenographic application of the system.

We may state, generally, that our contractions do not consist in the arbitrary adoption of new characters, but in simple and natural abbreviations of the ordinary writing; chiefly, however,

in a principle of verbal arrangement, which gives peculiar facility to the reading, and lays prominently before the eye the important words in each sentence with a highly rhetorical effect, while, at the same time, it gives great beauty to the appearance of the written page. We cluster the particles and subordinate words around the leading words of the sentence, as exemplified in the following arrangement of

thy

thy

be

done

thy on

Father Heaven, hallowed name; kingdom come, will earth as

it

is

in

be

this our

our

we

Heaven: Give day daily bread; and forgive trespasses as forgive

them

thine

is

the

trespass and lead temptation; but deliver evil, for kingdom, and

power, and glory, ever and ever. Amen.

The following are Examples, 1st, of the full notation, according to the above principles; and, 2nd, of the Steno-Phonographic development of the system.*

Full Notation.

19

31

"Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you: for every one that asketh receiveth, and he that seeketh findeth, and to him that knocketh it shall be opened.” The same in "Steno-Phonography.”

1

* See "Steno-Phonography,"-a Practical Manual, to be shortly published.

PART FOURTH.

ACCENT, RHYTHM, AND THE GROUPING OF WORDS.

ACCENT.

EVERY word of more than one syllable, has what is called an accent, that is, a superior degree of prominence, by stress or inflexion, on one of its syllables. Without accent, speech would be drawling, monotonous, and unemphatic. Accent ties syllables into words, and enables the ear to comprehend at once the boundaries of each verbal utterance. Accent, besides being thus a source of much variety, gives us a simple means of increasing our stock of words, and enhancing their utility. By its aid, for instance, we can make two syllables serve for four purposes; three syllables might serve for six, four for eight, &c. Thus, the syllables man and kind, separately uttered, are two words; united by the accentual tie, they form the word mankind, as distinguished from womankind, and mankind, the whole human race. In this way, by placing the accent alternately on the first, second, third, or fourth syllable, the same set of sounds might be varied in their application to the expression of many of the nicer distinctions of meaning, which are at present confounded under one invariable term. This is a means of expressiveness, but little employed, yet it might be made use of to a considerable extent, especially in scientific and philosophical terminology, with much advantage to accuracy.* Such accentual change is common on dissyllables in

* In Smart's Dictionary, we find the word "perfunctory" marked with the primary accent on the first syllable, and the secondary on the third,=per''functo'ry-its meaning being "done with the sole view of getting through, regardless how done; slight, careless, negligent:" and in a note, the author remarks, "The original of this word is a Latin adverb, of which the verb, the participle, and the other related words have just the contrary meaning; so that if it had been derived from them instead of the adverb, it would have signified completely done, thoroughly performed, IN WHICH CASE ITS ACCENTUATION WOULD HAVE BEEN PERFUNC'TORY; but, formed as it is by abbreviation from per'functo'ri-e, its proper accentuation is deemed to be that assigned to it above."

English, as a distinction between nouns and verbs of the same orthography. The following list contains the principal words which undergo this change. The nouns have the higher accent, the verbs the lower.

In words of three or more syllables, when the accent falls on the third, there is also an accent, but of secondary force, on the first syllable. If the primary accent is on the fourth syllable, the secondary accent may be either on the first or second; if there are four syllables before the primary accent, there will be either a secondary accent on the second syllable, or two secondaries— namely, on the first and third; and if there are five syllables before the primarily accented one, there must be two secondary accents, but they may be arranged in three different

ways; either on the first and third, first and fourth, or on the second and fourth syllables.

The following are Examples of each of these classes of Secondarily Accented Words.

Primary accent on the third syllable, and secondary on the first.