wigged, cogged, flogged, hugged, leagued, prorogued, stagnate, magnet, impregnate, regnant, interregnum, agnate, ignorance, igneous, ignominy, signet, signal, dignity, lignin, lignum-vitæ, cognisant, cognate, pugnacious, ague, figure, integument, ambiguous, ligure, singular, angular, regulate, aigulet, jugular, aglet, straggler, dangling, wrangler, ganglion, giggler, singly, tingling, jingling, ugly, gurgling, bungler, eaglet, egress, ogress, integrity, migrate, vagrant, nigrin, negro, geography, angry, hungry, mongrel, gangrene, jigjog, unguent, sanguine, languid, languor.

Final.-Teague, intrigue, league, fig, whig, wig, big, pig, dig, gig, rig, jig, plague, vague, egg, peg, keg, leg, flag, stag, shag, tag, bag, wag, nag, gag, lag, rag, jag, plug, slug, tug, hug, bug, mug, dug, snug, lug, rug, jug, frog, cog, tog, bog, dog, agog, log, jog, epilogue, apologue, prologue, disembogue, vogue, rogue, prorogue, fugue, exergue.

NG.

This is the nasal form of the preceding element: the organic formation by the tongue and palate is precisely that of G; but the velum or soft palate is removed from the nares, and the pharynx being thus rendered incapable of retaining the breath, the sonorous current passes freely out of the nostrils.

Ng is never used as an initial articulation in English; but it does occur as such in some languages :-For instance, in Welsh and in Russ. Among individual cacophonic peculiarities, ng is sometimes heard instead of l. This is generally accompanied by burring. The tongue, either from bad habit, or from inability to leave the lower jaw, lies in the bed of the mouth, and forms the linguo-palatal articulations by the middle of the tongue striking against the roof of the mouth. This makes the position for 7 nearly, or altogether obstructive, and the effort to give continuous voice to the letter, of course sends the vocal stream through the nose. We have heard this glaring error even in the pulpit.

Softngy and sweet, in ngiquid ngays,

The heavenngy hangengujahs raise !

In most cases, this, like nine tenths of all varieties of defective articulation, is perfectly curable: and even where there is a structural malformation, Art can do much to lessen and cover the peculiarity.

It is a general principle of articulation, that the organs employed in forming any element should be separated in order to complete it. We have explained at page 47, the reason that in thus finishing ng, there is a tendency, greater than in the case of the other nasal sounds, to give a degree of compression and.

consequent explosiveness to the breath-producing the double articulation ng g, or ng k. Many persons find it difficult to finish ng by separation of the organs without producing some effect of G or K, and they consequently form the articulation imperfectly by simply stopping the sound in the glottis. When, however, the ng final is followed by a word beginning with a vowel, the organs must come apart; and with the vowel-out comes the G.

The best way to get out of this habit is to practise ng as an initial before all the vowels. This will have the effect of at once manifesting the existence and the nature of the defect, and the power to give the soft terminational action will very soon be acquired.

nga,

nge,

ngi, ngo, ngoo, ngang, ngeng, nging, ngong, ngung.

Exception has been taken by some critics to the English mode of writing this element by ng, because its sound contains neither an n nor a g. That the Alphabet does not supply a single character to represent this sound, which is unquestionably simple, is undoubtedly a fault; but until we have a distinctive character, we could not wish a better digraph than ng which, very approriately, we think, symbolizes a nasal G.

N before g or k, (unless when the g or k is in the accented syllable, as in ungodly, unkind, &c.) generally takes the sound of ng; for the same reason that n before p, b, or m, is converted into m-namely, the greater fluency of the combination. Thus the digraph ng often has correctly the sound of ng-g as in finger, longer, &c. The omission of the g in these words is a Scotticism.

EXERCISES.

Between vowels.-Hanger, hanging, banging, singer, bringing, wringing, gingham, ringer, longing, wronging, bunging, dunging, swinging, o'erhanging, singing.

Before a breath articulation.-Length, strength, strengthen, lengthen, lengthwise, anchor, frank, thank, sank, shank, crank, tank, handkerchief, banker, vanquish, dank, lank, rank,-ink, pink, think, sink, kink, tinkle, minx, wink, zinc, drink, link, wrinkle, chink, conch, concord, donkey, trunk, sunk, monkey, quidnunc, junket, anxious, unction, compunction, youngker, youngster, banquet.

Before a voice articulation.-Hangman, pangs, fangs, kingly, wrongly, tongueless, youngling, youngly, anger, angry, angle, spangle, sanguine, tangle, mangle, dangle, ganglion, gangrenous, languish, anguish, wrangle,—pinguid, finger, single, shingle, tingle, mingle, dingle, dangle, linger, jingle, longer, fungus, hunger, bungle, younger, youngest.

Final.-Pang, fang, flang, sang, stang, slang, clang, hang,

bang, fling, thing, sing, sting, spring, string, sling, king, cling, ting, bring, wing, ding, ling, wring, prong, thong, song, gong, long, wrong, flung, sung, sprung, slung, clung, tongue, hung, bung, among. dung, young, lung, wrung.

ARTICULATIVE EXERCISES.

The passages that follow contain instances,-1st, of DOUBLE ARTICULATIONS; 2nd, of DIFFICULT ARTICULATE COMBINATIONS; 3rd, of ALLITERATIONS and DIFFICULT SEQUENCES; and, 4th, of MISCELLANEOUS DIFFICULTIES.

The eye is directed by italics to the leading points for practice in the different sentences.

Double Articulations.

Hear both elements distinctly, with as little hiatus as possible.

A figure regal like, with solemn march,

Goes slow and stately by; whilst they, distill'd
Almost to jelly with the act of fear,

Stand dumb, and speak not to him.

Oh! studied deceit !

Fear is a good watchman, but a bad defender.

Hypocrites first cheat the world, and at last, too, themselves.

One vice is more expensive than five virtues.

Spend time in good duties, and treasure in good deeds.

Time is so swift of foot that none can overtake it.
Trust not too far, and mistrust not too fast.

Use soft words, but hard arguments.

A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump.

"Make clean our hearts within us.'

In bulk as huge as whom the fables name of monstrous (size.

Leyes.

Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots? Vaunt-couriers of oak-cleaving thunderbolts.

"His palsied hands seemed to wax strong."

In horrid climes where Chiloé's tempests sweep.

Our soul loatheth this light bread.

Was it a wailing bird of the gloom,

Which shrieks on the house of woe all night?

Whose beard descending swept his aged breast.

beer

"And on the bridge of his well-arched nose

Sit Laughter plumed, and white-winged Jollity."

Learn to live as you'd desire to die.

Idleness is an evil,-doing nought is next to doing naughtily. Difficult Combinations.

Give each of the clustered elements its full separate audibility, without hiatus.

"Yet the lark's shrill fife may come."

"And the floors shall be full of wheat, and the fats shall overflow with wine and oil,"

"Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle."

"What though each spark of earth-born rapture fly !"

"In septennial parliaments, your representatives have six years. for offence, and but one for atonement.”

Can the husbandman look forward with assured confidence to the expected increase of his fields ?

"Now on the leafless yew it plays."

"Long has it hung from the cold yew's spray.'
"Oft by that yew on the blasted field."

Examples prevail when precepts fail

Frequent good company.

Put the cut pumpkin in a pipkin.

A pair of Irish yews.

Irish shoes.

"Then pealed the notes omnipotent to charm,

And the loud tocsin tolled their last alarm.” Nor yet in the cold ground.

coal

My little ones kissed me a thousand times o'er.
In praising sparing be, and blame most sparingly.
Malice seldom wants a mark to aim at.

We must not blame fortune for our faults.

We must look to time past to improve what is to come.

Alliterations and Difficult Sequences.

The reiteration of these sentences, as rapidly as may be done with distinctness, will render them most improving Exercises. Poor men want much, but wealthy men want more.

Rags and liberty rather than links and riches.

Let reason rule your life.

A versifier wants a very wonderful variety of words.

Hope, open thou his eye to look on high, and his ear to hear. Teach thy heart the holy art of humbly hearing truth.

Robert loudly rebuked Richard, who ran lustily roaring around the lobby.

Ruglen's lums reek briskly.

Rob Low's lum reeks.

Twice 2, and twice 2, with two times twice 2, 2, and twice 2, are twenty-two.

Thrice three, and three times 3, with three-fold threes, and 3, and 3, are thirty-three.

Four times 4, and 4, with 4, and 4, and four times 4, are forty-four.

Five fives, and four fives, with five, and five, are fifty-five. Six times 6, and six times 6, minus 6, are sixty-six. Seven times 7, and thrice 7, with 7 more, are seventy-seven. Eight times 8, and one 8, with 8 and 8, are eighty-eight. Nine times 9, with 9, and 9, and no more nines, are ninety-nine. Geese cackle, cattle low, cats and kittens caterwaul, cocks crow, and crows caw.

Sam snuffs shop snuff,-do you snuff shop snuff?

Fill the sieve with thistles, and sift the thistles in the sieve.

I like white wine vinegar with veal very well.

A man's manners, more than his merit, make or mar his for

tune.

Drinking may drown care, but cannot cure it.

Death is a direful debt we all are doomed to discharge.

The fool and the philosopher, princes, potentates, and paupers -all must pass the portals of the grave.

Learn what you like to learn, delight in learning what you learn, and learn to like what is laudable.

Find a friend in adversity.

Godliness with contentment is great gain.

Human life has to hazard the heart-aches of hot-headed humanity.

Have hope in holiness.

He humbly honours the hoary head.

Hope is the highway to happiness.