or thing-This-That, &c., have been derived. In one passage of the Psalms, it is translated by "Stand upright;" and by this word, Taylor explains it; where we see the same metaphor as in Existo Sisto, &c. The succeeding word in Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon, is y ODH, " To Pass over or upon, as a path or way."To cause to pass upon, to put on," as ornaments; where we seem likewise to have the more original sense of Place, or of going from Place to Place-To Place it, if I may so say, as applied to motion, and To Place or Put-on a garment. The term, we see, belongs to y.OD, and agrees with it even in the secondary sense, which y OD bears of AD or To; as we might explain ODH, by To AD or TO, To On, or Unto, if I may so express it, Ire AD locum-To pass TO-On, Unto, a certain spot.

There is however a parallel term to these words, which will unequivocally determine their original sense. This term is

ATH, (in Chaldee n ATA,) which, according to Mr. Parkhurst, means, in its first sense, "To come, to come TO, come "near, approach, come speedily,"-and in its second sense, we have N AUT, "A Sign, Token," which senses agree with the significations of the preceding terms; but the same word 8 8 8 AT, ATH, ATI, is used as a Pronominal and Articular part of Speech, denoting Thou, Me, and The, The Very; and it is adopted likewise as a Preposition, signifying With, "To, Towards." We here see that precise union of ideas between The and To in the same word, which my Hypothesis supposes. This example alone would be decisive of the question. The Hebrew л AT means, moreover, a Coulter, which Mr. Parkhurst supposes to be so called, because it "comes before the plough"share in ploughing." Whatever be the precise idea, by which it is connected with the other senses of the word; we perceive, that we are directly brought to the very spot, from which, as I imagine,

I imagine, all these terms are ultimately taken. Mr. Parkhurst enumerates, among the derivatives of this Hebrew word, "At, "With, The, Thee, Thou;" and all these terms, if we except With, assuredly belong to it, and to each other. It would be idle, however, to select any one of these terms as the original, and to consider the others as Derivatives. Mr. Parkhurst produces, under this Hebrew word, the following passage, in order to illustrate its Intensive or Articular sense, and to shew the faulty translation of our version. In the fourth chapter of Genesis we have, "And Adam knew Eve his wife; and she conceived, "and bare Cain, and said, I have gotten a Man from the Lord," NAIS AT JHUH; where our Translators have considered AT as denoting From,-a sense, which, as Mr. Parkhurst imagines, it cannot bear on this occasion. Dr. Geddes translates it by "I have acquired a godlike man-child;" on which Mr. Parkhurst observes, "But surely the incommunicable name " JHUH," "must not be degraded to the sense of Godlike;" and he accordingly imagines, that it means "The very, or even Jehovah;

referring to the evangelical promise, Gen. iii. 15. of the seed of "the woman, who should bruise the serpent's head; which promise, "however, it is plain, from her mistake, she did not perfectly comprehend." This interpretation, I imagine, will not be adopted, though the sense given to N AT, is just. Let us mark the Hebrew words AISH, and AT, the terms for Man, and THETHE VERY-Godlike,' which, we see, belong to each other, and to the Latin Is, the English IT, &c.; and I have already examined the Hebrew or ISH, IS, Existence, Is, (Eng.) &c., to which

AIS, Man, is referred. We have a similar form, N AS, which signifies Fire, and sometimes, perhaps, Is; and Mr. Parkhurst, under this word, produces a Chaldee term, denoting Foundations, where where we we are brought to the primitive notion, supposed in my Hypothesis. Perhaps the sense of Fire may

belong

belong to the idea of "THE That-Powerful, Extraordinary, 'Element;' and Mr. Parkhurst has accordingly referred this word to the term "Being, Substance. If such should be the fact, the words denoting Fire, belonging to our Element, as Ignis, &c., should perhaps be referred to the same idea. I produce, however, these terms for Fire, under a race of words denoting Agitation, &c., which is likewise a very probable idea.

In the same opening of Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon, where ATH is, we have ASR, which means, in its first sense, as Mr. Parkhurst supposes, "To proceed, go forward, to be successful, prosperous;" and in another sense it means, Who, Which, Whom," "a Relative word," as this Lexicographer explains it, “referring to somewhat going before, either expressed "or understood; and so causing the sentence to Proceed or Go forward without interruption or repetition."-The sense of Prosperous-Happy, means only THE or THAT Personage, by way of Distinction-The Prosperous-Happy Personage, just as QUEO, QUI-Ens, denoting Powerful, Able, belongs to QUI. The term ASR likewise means, as a Conjunction, That, and is used in various manners for Because, As, When, Where, which Mr. Parkhurst has duly referred to the original sense of THAT, in his explanations, "For the cause THAT- Because THAT-In the "manner THAT, As-At the time THAT, When, The place "THAT, Where," &c.; and here again we see how Conjunctions, with apparently different senses, may belong to the idea of THAT. The Hebrew AS=^R is probably a compound of the Element ^S= ^R. In the opening of the Psalms we have three words belonging to each other, applied in their different senses, "Blessed is The Man That,"

ASRI HAIS ASR, which is the same as if it had אשרי האיש אשר

been 'Is,' (quasi dentinus,) Is-Homo, Is-Qui,' or, as it might have been, 'QUI- Ens, QUI-Homo, (vel AliQUI=^S,) QUI.' And thus it is, that Languages have been formed. In Hebrew,

אז

IN AZ means, as a Noun and Particle, "AT That time, then"Ar This time, Now.-Ar That point of time," as Mr. Parkhurst explains it; where we have the ideas combined, of AT and This— That, which I suppose in my Hypothesis. Our Author seems doubtful whether he should consider it as a Pronoun or a Particle. In Hebrew, likewise, 78 AIK is a particle denoting "In what manner,-By what means, Where;" and here we have still the same meaning, "In the Manner, THAT." Mr. Parkhurst supposes it to be a compound of AJ, Where, and n KH, Thus or Here; which may possibly be the fact, though it may perhaps be the simple form, belonging to the Element ^K, with the breathing before it. We have, however, a compound in _AIK-KH. There is another particle, AK, 8 signifying "Indeed-Surely," or in This or That very manner. Mr. Parkhurst describes it by "A Particle denoting that the speaker is very earnest, much moved, " or as we say, greatly struck, and accordingly it may be regularly "deduced from " NKH, "to strike, as DN" AT, "from " NTH. On the origin of the Hebrew UN AT, denoting Stooping, as Mr. Parkhurst supposes, or Slowly, Gently, as others, I cannot accurately decide.

,AChR אחר

The preceding term to this in Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon is Behind, After, either of place, or time," which perhaps may be another form of ASR, and may mean only This— That. The term Be-Hind certainly means 'Be-Yond,' or 'Be-Yon' Situation. In one of the senses, Mr. Parkhurst explains it by "Another, i.e. One, in some respect, after or posterior;" and he derives from it After and Other, where in OTHER we see the idea, which coincides with my Hypothesis. Mr, Richardson has placed in separate articles AKHAR, "Another, a Second," and→ AKHIR, "Last, posterior, ultimate, final." In the next column of his Dictionary, he has AKHIRet, “Posterior, last.—The "Extremity. Life eternal; the other world;" and he adds,

اخر

"Akhiret

جهان

"Akhiret is always opposed by the Arabians to " Dnya, "which signifies, The world or the present Life; synonimous to which the Persians make use also of wh!" Ain Jhan, "This world, and " An Jhan, "That world." The Hebrew AChR, is used somewhat in a similar manner; and Mr. Parkhurst has referred it to ACHERON, "the name of one of "the infernal rivers, in the Greek and Roman Mythology;" or the River of the Other world. We cannot but note in all this, how the idea of a Future World is marked by the Demonstrative or Distinctive Pronouns That-Other; and such might be the origin of AChR. If such should be the fact, it will be the same compound as in ОTH=ER, ET-ER-OS, (Eтegos); yet on this point there is some difficulty. If Ach=Er-On should be derived from this idea, the ON must be considered as belonging to the Element ^N, bearing the same meaning. It is curious, that the same mode of speaking occurs among the Greeks, who, in order to express a Future or the Other World, have adopted the Demonstrative term EKEI, (Exε,) That-place, There. We all remember the address to Death in the last Speech of Ajax : Ω Θανατε, Θάνατε, νῦν μ' επισκεψαι μολων Και τοι σε μεν ΚΑΚΕΙ προσαυδήσω ξυνων.

"O Mors, Mors, nunc accedens me specta;

"Etsi te quidem, et Illic cohabitans tibi alloquar."

The Critics have been aware of this peculiarity of expression; and have produced, on different occasions, various instances of its

use.

CELTIC PARTICLES AND PRONOUNS.

THOUGH I have perpetually appealed to the Celtic forms of Speech in the preceding Enquiries, concerning the nature of the Pronouns, and the terms directly belonging to them, as