by the king, or by anie ordinarie. Provided, | ture, with a preface by the printer, the king's that the chauncellor of England, capitaines of licence to Gough, to print any book translated or the warres, the king's justices, the recorders of compiled by him. This book was prohibited anie citie, borough, or town, the speaker of the among many others by the king's injunctions. parliament, &c. which heretofore have been In 1543, he printed the christian state of matriaccustomed to declare or teache any good, vertu- mony, in twelves, and which was his last work. ous, or godly exhortations in anie assemblies, 1543. This year was remarkable for the commight use anie part of the Bible or Holie Scrip- mencement and earliest effort of Greek typoture as they had been wont; and that every graphy in England, if we may rely on the testinobleman and gentleman being a housholder, mony of Fabricius; who furnishes the following might read, or cause to be read, by any of his notice and remark: "Jo. Chrysostomi Homilia familie servants in his house, orchardes, or gar- II. (altera in 1 Cor. x. altera in 1 Thess. iv.) den, and to his own familie, anie text of the nunc primum in lucem editæ. Gr. Lat. interBible or New Testament; and also every mer-prete Joanne Cheko Cantabrigiensi. Lond. Ap. chant-man, being a householder; and any other persons other than women, prentices, &c. might read to themselves privately the Bible, &c. But no women, except noblewomen and gentlewomen, who might read to themselves alone, and not to others, any texts of the Bible, &c., nor artificers, prentises, journeymen, serving-men of the degrees of yomen* or under, husbandmen, nor labourers were to read the Bible or New Testament in English to himself or to any other, privately or openly." 1543, Feb. 14. The parliament of Paris caused the Institutiones Religionis Christianæ of Calvin, to be publicly burned at Paris. "Nothing," observes M. Gaillard, "can be more impressive, or, to use his term, "plus séduisant," than the preface to this work. It seems dictated by reason and humanity, and is composed after the model of the ancient apologies for the Christian religion. "Nothing," he adds, "can be more ingenious than the use which he makes of the fathers of the church, whether to represent their doctrines as favourable to the reformation, or to vindicate that measure, where it seems to differ from them. This book of Institutes has method, uniformity, and integrity; it forms a complete body of doctrine; which is a quality perhaps not to be found either in any single treatise of Luther, or in the entire collection of his writings. Calvin's Institutes, therefore, is one of those works in which the reformation exults, not without reason." The Institutes have elegance and moderation than those of Lather; though Calvin did not assuredly, on all occasions, avoid that grossness of epithet and coarseness of expression, which are so conspicuous in the polemical writings of the age. far more 1543. JOHN GOWGHE, GOUGE, or GOUGH, printer, stationer, and author, resided at the sign of the Mermaid, in Cheapside, next to St. Paul's gate, and most probably at the same house as that which had been occupied by John Rastell, see page 262 ante, and afterwards he removed to Lombard-street. Many of his books were printed for him by John Meylor and John Nicholson. In the Prymer of Salysbery Use, 1535, and the Almanack for xx years, beginning 1533, the press work and punctuation are peculiar to himself. La 1536, he printed the Door of the Holy Scrip Cowel says, yomen were officers in the king's family the middle place betwixt serjeants and groomes. Reg. Wolfium, 1543. Hic est primus liber 1543, May. Nicholas Copernicus published his System of Astronomy at Nuremberg, but died a few hours after it was finished." The British museum contains the original work of Copernicus on the Solar System. It is a small folio of 196 pages, full of diagrams, and well printed, at the expense of Cardinal Schonbergeus. John Field printed in London a forgotten work on the Copernican System, in 1556 thirteen years after. 1544. JOHN BYDDELL, a printer and bookseller, whose name is sometimes spelled Bedel, also the appellation of Salisbury; but why he did so, neither Ames nor Herbert could ascertain. We learn from the colophon of the Lyf of Hyldebrande, printed in 1533, 8vo. that it was Imprinted by Wynkyn de Worde, for John Byddell, otherwise Salisbury. He appears to have sold books as early as 1535, if not previous; and his first residence was at the sign of our Lady of Pity, next on Flete Bridge, but he afterwards removed to the Sun near the Conduit, perhaps the old dwelling of Wynkyn de Worde, for whom he was an executor, and which is more particularly noticed at pages 258, 259, ante. The first English Primer reprinted was executed by John Byddell, and entitled A goodly prymer in English, newly corrected and printed, with certeyn godly meditacions and prayers added to the same, very necessarie and profitable for all them that ryght assuredly understand not the Latine and Greke tongues. From Sir Thomas More's answer to Tindall, we may infer the translator of this book to be George Joy: "The psalter was translated by George Joy the preste, that is wedded now, and I here say the Prymer to, wherein the seuen psalms be set in wythout the lateny, lest folke shold pray to sayntes. And the dirige is left out clene, leste a man myght happe to pray theron for his father's soule. The title is over the king and queen's arms crowned quarterly, and on the back of the leaf the picture of Time, Truth, and Hypocrisy curiously done. At the end of the book this following patent: Be it knowen to all men by these presents, that it is prohibited by our soveraigne lorde the king, by his letters patentes, to all printers, bokesellers, ous substitute for publishing to the world, what no Roman newspaper would dare to print. and merchauntes, and all others, that (without | had appeared at Rome; and formed an ingenilicence had of hym, that at his costes and charges printed this boke) they in no wyse do print, or utter in sale, or otherwyse at any place with in our sayd soverayne lordes dominions, this booke entituled and called Thenglyshe primer, at any tyme within six years next after the prynting hereof, as they will answer at theyr perylles, and auoyde the penalties mentioned in the privilege hereunto graunted. Imprented at London in Flete strete by John Byddell, dwellyng at the signe of the Sonne, next to the Conduit, for Wylliam Marshall, the yere of our lorde God M.D.XXXV. the xvi. daye of June. The principal device used by Byddell was an upright parallelogram, contained within one line, and consisting of a large ill-drawn figure, representing his sign of the Lady of Pity. She is delineated as an angel with out-stretched wings, holding two elegant horns or torches; of which that on the left hand is pouring out a kind of stream terminating in drops, and is marked on the side with the word Gratia, in a thick black letter: the right hand horn contains fire, and is lettered Charitas. The lower ends of these horns are rested by the angel upon two rude heater shields, surrounded by double lines, on the left one of which is engraven ¶ Johan Byddell, Printer, in small broken black letters, and on the other is the annexed mark. Round the head of the figure are the words, "Virtus beates efficit," engraven in rude black characters. IB Byddell also used the above mark, cut on a black ground; and he sometimes added to his large device the letters I and B, enclosed by flourishings, with his name at full length placed at the bottom of the whole. 1544, In this year was printed at Basil a very rare work, with this title:-Pasquillorum, Tomi Duo.* The first containing the verse, and the second the prose pasquinades or satires which *The statue of Pasquin (from whence the word pasquinade) and that of Marforio are placed in Rome in two different quarters. Marforio is an ancient statue of Mars found in the Forum, which the people have corrupted into Marforio. Pasquin is a marble statue, greatly mutilated, supposed to be the figure of a gladiator. To one or other of these statues, during the concealment of the night, are affixed those satires or lampoons which the authors wish should be dispersed about Rome without any danger to themselves. These satirical statues are placed at opposite ends of the town, so that there is always sufficient time to make Marforio reply to the gibes and jeers of Pasquin in walking from one to the other. Misson, in his Travels in Italy, gives the following account of the origin of the name of the statue of Pasquin:-"A satirical tailor, who lived at Rome, and whose name was Pasquin, amused himself by severe raillery, liberally bestowed on those who passed by his shop; which in time became the lounge of the newsmongers. The tailor had precisely the talents to head a regiment of satirical wits; and had he had time to publish, he would have been the Peter Pindar of his day; but his genius seemed to have been satisfied to rest crosslegged on his shopboard. When any lampoons or amusing bon-mots were current at Rome, they were usually called, from his shop, pasquinades. After his death this statue of an ancient gladiator was found upon the pavement of his shop. It was soon set up, and by universal consent was inscribed with his name; and they still attempt to raise him from the dead, and keep the caustic tailor alive, in the marble gladiator of wit. Sallengre, in his Literary Memoirs, has given an account of this work; his own copy had formerly belonged to Daniel Heinsius, who, in two verses written in his hand, describes its rarity and the price it cost. Roma meos fratres igni dedit, unica Phoenix "Rome gave my brothers to the flames, but I survive, a solitary Phoenix. Heinsius bought me for a hundred golden ducats." This collection contains a great number of pieces, composed at different times, against the popes, cardinals, &c. They are not indeed materials for the historian, and they must be taken with grains of allowance. We find sarcastic epigrams on Leo X., and the infamous Lucretia of Alexander VI.: even the corrupt Romans of the day were capable of expressing themselves with the utmost freedom. Of Alex. ander VI. we have an apology for his conduct. Vendit Alexander claves, altaria, Christum, Emerat ille prius, vendere jure potest. "Alexander sells the keys, the altars, and Christ; As he bought them first, he had a right to sell them!" On Lucretia: Hoc tumolo dormit Lucretia nomine, sed re Thais; Alexandri filia, sponsa, nurus! "Beneath this stone sleeps Lucretia by name, but by nature Thais, the daughter, the wife, and the daughter-inlaw of Alexander!" Leo X. was a frequent butt for the arrows of Sacra sub extrema, si forte requiritis, hora "Do you ask why Leo did not take the sacrament o his death-bed? How could he? He had sold it!" Many of these satirical touches depend o puns. Urban VII. one of the Barberini family pillaged the padtheon of brass to make canno on which occasion Pasquin was made to say: Quod non fecerunt Barbari Rome, fecit Barberini. On Clement VII. whose death was said to be occasioned by the prescriptions of his physician: Curtius occidit Clementem, Curtius auro Donandus, per quem publica parta salus. the same year in which the first edition by Tottell was printed. The copy of this statute, printed by Hawkins from the Statute Roll in the Tower, varies as well from those printed by "Dr. Curtius has killed the pope by his remedies; he Tottell and Lord Coke, as from those by Poyn ought to be remunerated as a man who has cured the state." son, Berthelet, and Marshe. This instance is The following, on Paul III. are singular mentioned, as the statute of Gloucester is the conceptions: Papa Medusæum caput est, coma turba Nepotum: "The pope is the head of Medusa; the horrid tresses are his nephews! Perseus, cut off the head, and then we shall be rid of these serpent-locks." Another is sarcastic Ut canerent data multa olim sunt Vatibus æra : Ut taceam, quantum tu mihi, Pauie, dabis? *Heretofore money was given to poets that they might sing: how much will you give me, Paul, to be silent ?" This collection contains, among other classes, passages from the Scriptures which have been applied to the court of Rome; to different nations and persons; and one of "Sortes Virgiper Pasquillum collectæ,"-passages from Virgil frequently happily applied; and those who are curious in the history of those times will find this portion interesting.* lana 1544. The Statutes in English, from the time of Henry III. to 19 Hen. VII. inclusive, chronologically arranged, were printed by Thomas Berthelet, in one volume, folio. It has not been satisfactorily ascertained that any complete chronological series of the statutes from Magna Charta to 1 Edward III. either in the original Language or in English, or that any translation the statutes from 1 Henry III. to 1 Henry VII. Bad been published previous to this edition by Berthelet; though some books refer to editions by Berthelet, as those of 1529 and 1540. The Great Boke of Statutes commences with Edward III. and ends with 34 Henry VIII. It is entirely in English. It appears to have en published at different times, in separate parts; and it seems not unlikely that the earliest art may have been published previous to the English edition printed by Berthelet in this year, im which it differs in some particulars: of such difference one instance is the insertion of 4.7, of 2 Richard II. stat. 1, respecting pope Chan, which is omitted in Berthelet 1543, and Tequent editions; from whence it seems bable that this part was published before the ere prohibitions, by the acts of Henry VII. ainst acknowledging the papal power. It is to be observed, that the several printed itions differ materially from each other in the xt of the statutes previous to Henry VIII. The copy of the statute of Gloucester, 6 Edward I in the editions printed by Tottell in 1556 and 1587, and by Lord Coke in his Second Institute, varies most materially, not only from it in the earlier printed editions by Poynson 1508 and 1514, and by Berthelet in 1531, but from that in the edition by Marshe in 1556, ⚫ For the introduction of these Satires into England, Lee the year 1589, post. earliest now existing on any statute roll. It is moreover ascertained, that no one complete printed translation of all the statutes previous to Henry VII. exists: some which are omitted from Berthelet, 1543, and the other early editions, including that called Rastall's, 1618, and in editions since published: on the contrary, several parts of the statutes from 1 Edward III. to 1 Henry VII., translations of which are inserted in Berthelet, Rastall, and ments thereof given, in Pulton and others. other editions, are omitted, and merely abridg To show the progress of the English language, the Original Language of the Charters and Stawe cannot do better than give a brief abstract of tutes.* The language of the charters and Statutes, from the period of the earliest now given, 1 Henry I. to the beginning of the reign time it has been uniformly English. The petiof Henry VII. is Latin or French. From that tions, or bills, on which the statutes were founded, began to be generally in English early in the reign of Henry VI. The charter, dated 5 November, 25 Edward I. is in French; as is also the duplicate of that charter, dated 10 October, and entered on the Statute Roll 25 Edward I. in Latin. Some legislative matters, not in the The statutes of Henry III. are almost entirely printed collections, are entered on the Patent Rolls in French. in Latin or French; though the former language The statutes of Edward I. are indiscriminately is most prevalent. The statutes of Edward II. are, like those of Edward I. indiscriminately in Latin or French; but the latter language prevails more than in the statutes of Edward I. The statutes of Edward III. are more generally in French than those of any preceding king; yet some few are in Latin. The statutes of Richard II. are almost universally in French; those of the sixth and eighth years are in Latin. The statutes of Henry IV. with the exception of chapter 15 of the statute 2 Henry IV. which is in Latin, are entirely in French; as are those of Henry V. with the exception of the short statutes 5 and 7 Henry V. which appear in Latin. The earliest instance recorded of the use of the English language in any parliamentary proceeding, is in 36 Edward III. The style of the roll of that year is in French as usual, but it is expressly stated that the causes of summoning the parliament were declared "en Englois." A petition from the "Folke of the Mercerye of *From the Report of the Commissioners for executing the measures recommended by the House of Commons for examining and collecting the Public Records. London," in the tenth year of the same reign, is in English; and it appears also, that in the 17th year the Earl of Arundel asked pardon of the Duke of Lancaster by the award of the king and lords, in their presence in parliament, in a form of English words. The cession and renunciation of the crown by Richard II. is stated to have been read before the estates of the realm and the people in Westminster Hall, first in Latin and afterwards in English, but it is entered on the Parliament Roll only in Latin. And the challenge of the crown by Henry IV. with his thanks after the allowance of his title, in the same assembly, are recorded in English; which is termed his maternal tongue. So also is the speech of sir William Thirnyng, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, to the late king Richard, announcing to him the sentence of his deposition, and the yielding up, on the part of the people, of their fealty and allegiance. In the sixth year of the reign of Henry IV. an English answer is given in a petition of the Commons, touching a proposed resumption of certain grants of the crown, to the intent the king might the better live of his own. The English language afterwards appears occasionally, through the reigns of Henry IV. and V. In the first and second and subsequent years of the reign of Henry VI. the petitions or bills, and in many cases the answers also, on which the statutes were afterwards framed, are found frequently in English; but the statutes are entered on the roll in French or Latin. From the 23d year of Henry VI. these petitions or bills are almost universally in English, as is also sometimes the form of the royal assent; but the statute continued to be enrolled in French or Latin. Sometimes Latin and French are used in the same statute, as in 8 Henry VI.; 27 Henry VI.; and 39 Henry VI. The last statute wholly in Latin on Record is 33 Henry VI.; the last portion of any statute in Latin is 39 Henry VI. The statutes of Edward IV. are entirely in French. The statutes of Richard III. are in many manuscripts in French, in a complete statute form; and they were so printed in his reign and that of his successor, In the earlier English editions a translation was inserted, in the same form; but in several editions, since 1618, they have been printed in English, in a different form, agreeing, so far as relates to the acts printed, with the enrolments in Chancery at the chapel of the Rolls. The petitions and bills in parliament, during these two reigns, are all in English. The statutes of Henry VII. have always, it is believed, been published in English; but there are manuscripts containing the statutes of the first two parliaments, in his first and third year, in French. From the fourth year to the end of his reign, and from thence to the present time, they are universally in English.* These charters are preserved in the following places: Canterbury, Durham, Lincoln, Exeter, and Rochester cathedrals, British Museum; Bodleian Library, and Oriel college, Oxford; and Trinity college, Dublin. 1544. John Day and William Seres printed the Pentateuch," after the copy that the king's majesty had set forth," in small twelves. 1544. Roger Ascham mentions one Garrett, "our books-bynder," as being resident at Cambridge about this time. Speaking of Erasmus's custom of riding on horseback for exercise, after "he had been sore at his booke," says, "as Garrett, our booke-bynder, verye oft told me.”— Ascham's English Works. 1545. JOHN MALER, MAYLER, MAYLERT, or MAYLART, for he spelt his name all these ways, was a grocer by company, a scholar and a zealous man for the reformation, since in 1541, he was questioned for railing at the mass, for calling the sacrament of the altar "a baken God," and for saying that the mass was called miss beyond the seas, because that all is amiss in it. His residence was at the White Bear, in Botolph lane, near Billingsgate. In 1539, the primer in English, done by John Hilsey, bishop of Rochester; at the end is said to be printed by Maylart. In 1540, Novum Testamentum Latinum, printed in a very good Roman letter, with parallel places in the margin, and the leaves numbered, some Hebrew and Greek printed in the notes. After the errata, a short admonition, and concludes, Londini, anno 1540, mense Februario. Excudebat Johannes Mayler. Cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum. At the end, a small tract on justification, freewill, and predestination, in ten leaves. Quarto. Mayler printed in the whole twenty-one different works, but none after 1545. 1545. Grafton printed king Henry VIIIth's Primer, both in Latin and English, with red and black ink, for which he had a patent which is inserted at the end of the work, expressed in much the same term words as the one of 1543. 1545. Henry VIII. permitted his subjects to use an English Form of public Prayer, and ordered one to be printed for their use, entitled The Primer, said to be " set furth by the kinge's majestie and his clergie, to be taught, lerned, and red and none other to be used thorowout all his dominions." This little book, important as the forerunner of the performance of the public religious service in English, contains, beside prayers, several psalms, with lessons and anthems taken out of the old and new testament, verbally translated from the Latin vulgate.* 1546. Henry VIII. issued another proclama tion, by which he prohibited having or reading Wiclif's, Tindall's, and Coverdale's Bibles, of using any other than what was allowed by par liament, under the "penalty of imprisonment and corporal punishment, at the king's pleasure and being fined by his majesty, or four of hi council." Thus the reading of the scripture was more strictly forbidden than before; and th people were as uncertain as ever what the trans *A copy of this rare book was once the property of s John Clark, priest of the chapel at Leedsbridge, and found of the school, as appears from the following autogra note in the Kalendar:-"This day I began the schole Leeds, July 4. 1563." on was which was permitted by the act. | astic temper, induced him to retire into a conype says this prohibition was occasioned by the vent of Augustinian friars; nor could the tests and clamorous disputes of the people entreaties of his friends divert him from a course, beach other; but a much more probable and which he thought his duty to his Creator comerful cause is assigned by archbishop New-pelled him to adopt. Here he soon acquired e, who attributes it to the increasing strength great reputation for his learning, and having also he Romish party, and the abatement of the found a copy of the Bible in the library of his 's warmth for the reformation.-Lewis. monastery, he gave up all other pursuits for its ne of the most eminent scholars of his time constant study. sir Thomas Elyot, author of several small tises, but his principal work is entitled the Thor, which, says Strype, was designed to act men, especially great men, in good moand to reprove their vices. Henry VIII. loved him in several embassies, and also and much liked sir Thomas Elyot's treatises, was particularly pleased with his endeavours mprove and enrich the English language. as observed by his majesty that throughout book there was no new term made by him of atin or French word, and that no sentence hereby rendered dark or hard to be underd. Sir Thomas also translated several Greek ks, and published Dictionarium Latino Angl. ch was the first Latin and English Dictionary his country. Sir Thomas Elyot died March The great progress which he made, and the name for sanctity and erudition which he had acquired, induced Frederic, elector of Saxony, to appoint him professor of philosophy and theology, in the university he had just founded at Wittemberg on the Elbe. In this manner he was employed, when the sale of popish indulgences was published in 1517. 1646. 546. The following singular note was made 46, Feb. 18. Died, Martin Luther. There Pope Leo X., impoverished by his extravagance, had recourse to this method of raising money, to continue the building of St. Peter's at Rome, which had been commenced by Julius II. Albert, elector of Metz, and archbishop of Magdeburg, was commissioned to effect their sale in Germany; and he employed for this purpose John Tetzel, a Dominican friar of dissoÎute habits, who boasted he had power to sell pardons, “not only for sins past, but for sins to come." The warm and impetuous temper of Luther, excited by the circumstance, did not suffer him to continue a silent spectator of this delusion. From the church of Wittemberg he denounced it; examined the arguments on which it rested, and pointed out the danger of relying for salvation upon any other means than those appointed in the revealed word of the Almighty. He was immediately opposed in these opinions by Tetzel Eckius, a celebrated divine of Augsburg, and Prierias, a Dominican friar.* now The tardy attention of Leo X. was attracted to the dispute; he cited Luther to appear at Rome, but finally granted his request to be heard in his defence, against the accusation of heresy, before cardinal Cajetan, at Augsburg, in October, 1520. The result may be imagined. Men rarely admit the wisdom of an inferior, or the truth of tenets opposed to selfish interest. Cajetan debated but to condemn, and desired Luther to retract the errors he had preached. Assured of the elector's protection, and confident in his cause, Luther immediately refused; nor could the remonstrance of Cajetan, nor the subsequent present of the "Consecraten Rose" He was born at Isleben, in Saxony, on At the age of twenty, he took his master's * Luther, an Augustine monk, exclaimed against the Romish church, because the exclusive privilege of selling Had the Do minicans enjoyed no share of this spiritual license to swindle, 'tis more than probable that the reformation of religion would not have taken place so soon.-Zimmer man. Netherlands. The courtiers around her replied, "He is an illiterate monk." "Is he so?" said she, "I am glad to hear it; then do you, gentlemen, who are not illitecharge you, write against this illiterate monk. This is all you have to do. The business is easy; for the world will surely pay more regard to a great many scholars, and "Who is Luther?" said Margaret, governess of the rate, who are both learned and numerous, do you, I great men, as you are, than to one poor illiterate monk." Dr. Knox. |