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398. Orco, to Orcus. This is, properly, the god of Death, as Dis is that of the Lower World; but they are often confounded. Orcus is also used for the Lower World itself.

401. scandunt equum: cf. vi. 489, ix. 152.

402. heu nihil, etc., alas, it is right for no man. — - invitis divis: datives; § 367 (227); B. 187, ii, a; G. 346 and R.2; H. 426, 2 (385, ii); H.-B. 437, a. Throughout this book the gods are represented as bent on the destruction of Troy.

403. trahebatur: i.e. by Ajax Oileus, who dragged with her the statue of Pallas to which she clung. For his punishment, see i. 41-45.

— passis . . . crinibus, with dishevelled hair.
404. templo: Æneas has now reached the citadel.
406. lumina, her eyes, I say.

Cf. v. 410.

407. non tulit, could not bear (as we say); cf. the Latinism in Paradise Lost, vi. III: “Abdiel that sight endured not."

408. periturus: see note on inspectura, v. 47.

409. densis armis, into the thick of the fight: datives; § 370 (228); B. 187, iii; G. 347; H. 429 (386); H.-B. 377, I and 3.

410. primum: i.e. this was our first disaster (cf. v. 385). — delubri : i.e. the temple of Pallas, where the whole scene seems to take place. 411. miserrima: because slain by their own fellow-citizens.

412. facie: abl. of cause.

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413. tum, etc.: a new element in their peril. — gemitu= dolore: the sign put for the thing. It is opposed to their feeling of wrath (ira). — ereptae virginis ira, rage for the rescued maid.

414. acerrimus Aiax: see note, v. 403.

416. adversi, face to face (pred.).—rupto, bursting forth; cf. Georgics, iii. 428.

417. confligunt: the fitful blasts of a veering storm are often conceived as a conflict of the different winds. Cf. the storm, i. 81. - laetus equis (cf. i. 275): by a common and very old metaphor he is represented as driving his steeds like a warrior to battle.

420. si quos fudimus, whomever (i.e. all whom) we have routed. 421. insidiis, by the trick (see vv. 389-395).

422. primi: § 290 (191); B. 241, 2; G. 325, R.7; H. 497, I (443, N.1); H.-B. 243. mentita tela, the lying (not counterfeited) weapons.

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423. ora. signant, they mark our tongues, discordant from their own for the Trojans spoke a different dialect from the Greeks, though probably not a different language.

424. ilicet, instantly (see derivation in Vocabulary). — obruimur: the final syllable is long here; cf. note on i. 478.

428. dis alitur visum, the gods judged otherwise (lit. it seemed otherwise to the gods), i.e. if one draws an inference from his fate, for, though innocent, he suffered death like the guilty.

430. infula: a broad woolen band worn by priests and others engaged in sacred offices; even this badge of sanctity was no defence, cf. Il. i. 28;

FIG. 21.

Bry. 36. Fig. 21 (from an ancient relief) represents a woman decorating a statue of Hermes with a fillet.

431-434. Nobly rendered in the old version by the Earl of Surrey:

Ye Troyan ashes! and last flames of mine!

I call in witness, that at your last fall

I fled no stroke of any Greekish sword,
And if the fates would I had fallen in fight,

That with my hand I did deserve it well.

Closely imitated by Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, viii, 24.

431. flamma extrema : i.e. the blazing city is regarded as their funeral pile.

433. vitavisse : sc. me. — - vices Danaum, changes in combat with the Greeks.

434. caderem: after si fata fuissent, which is equivalent to a verb of determining; § 563, d (331, d); B. 295, 4; G. 546; H. 565 (498, i); H.-B. 502, 3, a. — manu: i.e. mea, by my deeds, such a death being regarded as the reward of valor.

436. Ulixi, given by Ulysses: genitive; § 52, a (43, a) ; B. 47, 7 ; G. 65 ; H. 109 (68); H.-B. 95.

437. protinus, (farther) on. — vocati, summoned, agreeing with the subject of divellimur.

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438. hic vero: cf. tum vero, v. 105 and note. - pugnam: obj. of cernimus. - ceu... . . forent: i.e. compared with this the others were not fights at all; § 524 (312); cf. B. 307, i; G. 602; H. 584, 4 (513, ii, N.2);

H.-B. 504, 3.

441. acta testudine (abl. abs.): the regular way of assault on a fortified place (cf. Cæsar, B. G. ii. 6). Here there are two distinct attacks, one to scale the walls and one to burst in the gates. - ruentis refers to the scaling party, testudine to the other. The defence to the former is in v. 445, etc., to the latter in v. 449; cf. vv. 479 ff.

442. haerent, cling, by hooks (crows) at the end: an anachronism, for scaling-ladders were really a later invention. — parietibus: see curru, i. 476, note.-postis sub ipsos, close at the very gateway, instead of being repulsed from afar, - so much advantage have they gained.

443. nituntur: the subject is the Greeks. — gradibus, steps or rounds of the ladders, locative abl.: § 431 (254, 6, 1); B. 218, 3; G. 401, N.o; H. 476, 3 (425, I, I, N.); H.-B. 438, 1.

444. protecti, shielding themselves; fastigia, battlements, or (more . accurately) the projecting top of the wall.

446. his telis, with these as missiles.

was no use in sparing the house.

quando: and therefore there

=below.

449. alii: opposed to those in v. 445. — imas 450. fores: the great doors, opening inward; § 370, b (228, a); B. 175, 2, a; G. 331; H. 406 (372); H.-B. 391, 2.

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451. instaurati animi, our courage was refreshed (at the sight of this resistance). succurrere: depending on the idea of admonition or suggestion in instaurati, etc.; § 563, N. (331,g); B. 295, 5, N.; G. 423, N.2; H. 608, 3 (535, iv); H.-B. 598, 2, b.

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453. pervius usus tectorum usitata via per tecta, a much-used passage. inter se : i.e. connecting them with each other.

454. postes a tergo, a postern gate. — relicti: i.e. when the palace was built.

455. infelix: because of Hector's death.

vv. 22 (and note), 88.

manebant: for tense, cf.

457. soceros: Priam and Hecuba. —trahebat, used to lead by the hand, as he followed, non passibus aequis (cf. i. 724).

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the roof. We may imagine it rising above the wall, and flush with the front, as in the machicolated tower of the Palazzo Vecchio at Florence (see Fig. 22).

FIG. 22.

463. adgressi ferro: i.e. with crowbars and other tools of iron. In this and the following verses, to v. 467, the spondees and dactyls may well represent, first, the slow effort, then the sudden toppling over and swift fall of the turret. - summa tabulata, the upper flooring, i.e. the planking of the roof where the tower and roof join (cf. Cæsar, B. G. vi. 29), afforded weak fastenings in which to apply the leverage.

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465. ruinam trahit, falls in ruin: properly, carries with it a mass of ruins; cf. vv. 310 (note), 631; cf. Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 8, 23 (of a castle):

At last downe falles, and with her heaped hight
Her hastie ruine does more heavie make.

469. Pyrrhus (or Neoptolemus); son of Achilles, who was sent for after his father's death. The Scyria pubes (v. 477) are the youth of Scyros, where was the kingdom of his grandfather Lycomedes. Here begins the detailed account of the attack on the door, though it is interrupted by the action of Periphas (v. 476).

470. telis, etc.: hendiadys; see i. 61. 471. in lucem: construed with convolvit terga; cf. Il. xxii. 93-95; Bry. 118. mala gramina pastus: poisonous plants would be more rank and potent

in early spring.

Even so the serpent with returning spring

Grows fierce again, though harmless in the cold.

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TASSO, Jerusalem Delivered, i. 85.

472. tumidum: i.e. with venom.

473. positis exuviis, having shed his old skin: an image of renewing one's youth which often suggested itself to ancient fancy.

475. arduus ad solem, raising his head to the sunshine.

478. succedunt tecto, come up to the house

FIG. 23.

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and try to set fire, while Pyrrhus attacks the door itself.

480. perrumpit, vellit, is trying to burst and wrench, by repeated

efforts (descriptive); cavavit, dedit (perf. definite, taking a new point of view as the narrative moves on), has cut through the beams and made

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a vast breach.-postis, the frame of the door.
let into the upper and lower casing (see Fig. 23).

cardine: a pivot-hinge

482. robora, the wood of the door itself. An entrance, however, is

not yet effected, but only an aperture

made. - -ore: abl. of quality.

483. atria, etc.: the general arrangements of a Roman house are apparently kept in view (see Fig. 24, and cf. the Grecian house, Fig. 25).

485. vident: i.e. the invaders can now see the defenders (armatos). - in limine primo: i.e. those nearest the outside.

487. plangoribus: see plango and plangor in Vocabulary. - femineis: see note on Argolicas, v. 55.- cavae aedes : i.e. the interior, where were apartments, apparently for the women, ranged like cloisters about an open court, probably the second one (the peristyle).

490. postis, pillars. - oscula: i.e. of farewell.

491. patria: cf. vv. 55 (and note), 487. 492. ariete: three syllables. - crebro: not many battering-rams, but repeated blows of one.

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FIG. 25.

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