485. tum dat: the common historical present; the preceding verbs have been descriptive of the actual pictures. vero: introducing as usual the most important moment of the narrative.

487. tendentem manus: in supplication.

488. se quoque: i.e. in another battle scene. Achivis: cf. viris,

v. 440.

489. Memnonis: Memnon, son of Tithonus and Aurora, led the Æthiopian allies of Troy. The myth, however, places Æthiopia in the East; hence Eoas.

FIG. 12.

490. lunatis, crescent: the form of the Amazonian shield was a crescent with a cusp in the middle (see Fig. 12). -peltis: abl. of quality; § 415 (251); B. 224; G. 400; H. 473, 2 (419, ii); H.-B. 443.

491. mediis, in the midst (as often; cf. v. 109).

492. exsertae, uncovered: as represented in works of art.

493. bellatrix, virgo: the contrast suggested in these words is heightened by their position as first and last in the verse. Such personages as the Amazons Penthesilea and Hippolyta (who was conquered by Theseus) and the Volscian princess Camilla (Æn. vii. 803) have in modern romantic poetry given rise to the familiar figure of the warlike maid, e.g. Ariosto's Bradamante, Tasso's Clorinda, Spenser's Britomartis. - viris: cf. note on Achilli, v. 475.

494. miranda: pred. after videntur; seem marvellous ; i.e. he gazes at them with wonder; see Od. vii. 133; Bry. 161.

497. stipante, thronging about, an almost technical word for escorting a great personage; so attendants are often called stipatores.

498. qualis: correlative with talis, v. 503; see Od. vi. 102; Bry. 128.

- Eurotae, the Eurotas, a river of Sparta; here Diana was worshiped ; Mt. Cynthus was also one of her favorite haunts.

499. choros, the dancing bands.

502. Latonae: notice with what effect the human element is introduced, the mother's pride heightening the daughter's glory.

C

505. foribus, in the doorway, i.e. of the cella, or interior temple (d in Fig. 13), in front of which was the porch (pronaos; c in Fig. 13). The temple had a vaulted roof (called testudo, as resembling the shell of a tortoise). (See Figs. 13 and 14.)-media:

cf. v. 491.

506. alte subnixa, sitting on high.

507. iura dabat: a Roman picture. From the close relation of government and religion in Rome, temples were used

for all public purposes: the Senate

FIG. 13.

met, the treasury was kept, and courts were held in temples. — iura, leges: i.e. she acted both as judge and as lawgiver.

508. aequabat, trahebat: the shares were first made as equal as possible, and were then assigned by lot, -as the Romans divided provinces, etc., among their magistrates.

509. cum subito: Dido was thus occupied when suddenly, etc.. concursu, the crowd that had flocked about them as strangers.

FIG. 14.

510. videt: for mood, see § 546, a (325, b); B. 288, 2; G. 581; H. 601, 4 (521, ii, 1); H.-B. 566, a.

511. aequore: loc. abl. 512. penitus, far away (a secondary meaning; see the Vocabulary). oras: cf. Italiam, v. 2.

514. coniungere depends on ardebant (= volebant). 515. res incognita: i.e. the object of this embassy of

Cloanthus and the rest, as well as the probable nature of their reception.

516. dissimulant, remain hidden (they conceal something, that is, their presence; cf. simulans, v. 352, pretending something that is not).

517. linquant (indir. quest.) depends on speculantur (watch to see).

518. nam: he wonders why they come, for they have the appearance of a regular embassy, and the formal nature of the embassy, also suggested in this clause, indicates something of importance.

519. orantes: used almost like the fut. part. of purpose; § 490, 3, 499, 2 (290, a, 3, 293, b, 2); B. 337, 4; G. 670, 3, N.; H. 638, 3 (549, 3) ; H.-B. 606, 607.- clamore: occasion explained by vv. 539-541.

520. coram fandi, of speaking to the queen in person.

521. maxumus, eldest, and so first in rank.

age and dignity; contrasted with clamore, v. 519.

522. condere: cf. vv. 66 (note), 319, 408.

placido: as suited his

523. iustitia, with just restraint, as representing a superior civilization among the savage tribes of Africa (gentis, acc. plur.). In reality, Dido had only built her city by sufferance; but this address might properly be spiced with flattery.

524. maria: cf. aequor, v. 67.

525. infandos, inhuman, as violating the right of peaceful strangers. 526. propius aspice, look more closely at our condition: though coming in an armed fleet, we have no hostile purposes.

527. non emphatic from its position at the beginning of the line. "We have not, as your people seem to suppose." - populare: infin. of purpose; § 460, c (273, e); B. 326, N.; G. 421, N.1, a; H. 608, 1 (533, ii); H.-B. 598, 1, a.

528. vertere, drive away as booty.

529. non ea vis, etc.: i.e. we have no such thought of violence; conquered men are of course capable of no such insolence.

530. Hesperiam: i.e. "the western land," a name for Italy borrowed from the Greeks. Greek σepos (the breathing stands for the digamma) is represented in Latin by the cognate vesper, evening.

nunc:

532. Oenotri: Enotria (from olvos) means "land of vines.". this implies that notria was its former name. - fama: sc. est. 533. Italiam (a word allied with vitulus) means "land of herds.". ducis: i.e. Italus, the eponymous hero (see v. 6), said to have been a colonist from Arcadia.

534. hic cursus fuit, this (namely, to this land) was our voyage. This is the first of many incomplete verses found in the Æneid, evidences of the unfinished state in which the poem was left by Virgil's early death. 535. cum subito: cf. v. 509, note. - adsurgens fluctu, rising over the stormy sea. The noun may be either dat. or abl. — nimbosus Orion : seasons in ancient times were named from the rising and setting of certain constellations. When Orion sets just before sunrise, winter is at hand; and it was this sign which originally gave that constellation

its ill repute. But perhaps Virgil had no distinct astronomical appearance in mind, but merely associated Orion with bad weather, using nimbosus simply as a descriptive epithet. Cf. Spenser, Faery Queen, iv. 11. 13: "Huge Orion, that doth tempests still portend."

536. tulit: sc. nos. austris: one wind put generally for all.

538. pauci, only a few of us, with a negative idea, as almost always with this word. - oris: § 428, h (258, N.1); B. 193, 1; G. 358; H. 419, 4 (380, 4); H.-B. 377, and 3.

539. tam barbara, i.e. is so barbarous as to, etc.

541. prima terra, the very margin of the land: § 293 (193); B. 241, 1; G. 291, R.2; H. 497, 4 (440, N.1, 2); H.-B. 244.

543. at sperate, at least expect (supply esse). — fandi, right (only used in this sense, as the opposite of nefandi, unspeakable, and so wrong).

544. erat: he does not know that Æneas is still alive.

545. pietate: abl. of specification, qualifying iustior; § 418 (253) ; B. 226; G. 397; H. 480 (424); H.-B. 441; i.e. scrupulous in performing his duties to the gods. Observe the chiastic order of the words; § 598, ƒ (344, f); B. 350, 11, e; G. 682; H. 666, 2 (562); H.-B. 628.

546. vescitur, breathes (lit. feeds on, air being as necessary to life as food). See Od. xiv. 44; Bry. 51.

547. aetheria, of heaven, as opposed to the Lower World. - occubat, now lies low. - umbris: locative abl.

548. non metus: in that case you need have no fear, for Æneas will repay the obligation. The connection would be easier if we could read ne te, no fear lest you repent of being beforehand with him in kind offices. As it is, we must separate the two clauses, and translate the second, nor regret to have been the first in the rivalry of kind offices, i.e. by making Æneas your debtor in receiving us hospitably. — certasse: § 454 (270, b); B. 327, 1; G. 422; H. 457 (410, iv); H.-B. 585; for tense, see § 486, ƒ (288, e); G. 280, 2; cf. H.-B. 490.

549. paeniteat: § 439 (266); B. 275, 1; G. 263, 3; H. 559, 2 (484); H.-B. 501, 2. Cf. Ecl. x. 17; it is with reference to the ideas here expressed that Æneas is described in vv. 544, 545; his virtue (pietate) would prompt him, and his power (bello, etc.) would enable him to repay kindness. — sunt et, etc.: i.e. in the event of his death (which Ilioneus, to avoid the omen of speaking of such a calamity, does not mention), the cities and fields (arva) of Sicily will be our refuge, and you will have the friendship of Acestes to repay your kindness to us.

551. liceat (for mood, cf. paeniteat, v. 549) subducere, let it be allowed. us to haul up our storm-racked ships.

552. silvis: locative abl.―aptare trabes: the beams would have to be hewed and fitted; stringere remos: the oars, hardly more than saplings, would only need to be stripped and slightly trimmed.

553. Italiam: with tendere (for acc., see v. 2, note).

554. tendere (sc. iter): depending on datur (see v. 66, note). — petamus: the purpose of subducere, etc.

555. sin (opposed to si, v. 553), but if (on the other hand). — salus, hope of safety.

556. iam, any longer.

557. freta, seas, as often. — sedes paratas: i.e. the cities of Acestes, in contrast to those they hoped to build themselves.

559. fremebant, murmured their applause, according to the manners of the heroic age. See Il. i. 22; Bry. 29.

561. voltum demissa, with downcast face (in womanly modesty as addressing men): for construction, cf. sinūs collecta, v. 320.

562. solvite see note, v. 463.

563. talia: i.e. the attack on the Trojans as they attempted to land (v. 541). This is Dido's apology for the inhospitable conduct of her subjects. Observe the distinctly modern motive.

564. late tueri: i.e. for fear of Pygmalion she cannot safely allow strangers even to land.

565. Aeneadum, the Trojans generally, but with a courteous reference to their chief. quis nesciat, who can be ignorant? deliberative subj., § 444 (268); B. 277; G. 259; H. 557 (486, ii); H.-B. 503.

566. virtutesque virosque (hendiadys): more emphatic than virtutes virorum. Observe that, while these words are connected by -que, the calamities (incendia), being a separate class, are introduced by the adversative aut. - tanti, that great.

567. obtusa, blunted by their own misfortunes. - pectora: here put for the whole soul, including the intellect.

568. nec tam aversus sol: i.e. their hearts are not chilled by unkindly skies, as men's might be in cold regions, far from the sun's course.

Nearer the sun, though they more civil seem,

Revenge and luxury have their esteem.

WALLER, Epitaph on Dunch.

569. Saturnia arva: because Saturn was supposed to have ruled as king in Italy in the Golden Age.

570. Erycis fines: Eryx, a son of Butes and Venus, gave his name to a mountain in the west of Sicily, where was a celebrated temple of Venus. He is mentioned afterwards as a famous pugilist (v. 392).