1. NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Cf. John Burnet, Early Greek Philosophy, London, 1920, p. 70. 2. 3 "From quotations I had seen I had a high notion of Aristotle's merits, but I had not the most remote notion what a wonderful man he was. Linnaeus and Cuvier have been my two gods, though in very different ways, but they were mere schoolboys to old Aristotle," in Letter of Darwin to Ogle, 1882, cited by Arthur Platt, in the preface to his translation of the De Gen. Animalium; also by Charles Singer, Biology," p. 200, in R. W. Livingstone's The Legacy of Greece, Oxford, 1921. 3. W. A. Heidel," Пepi boews, a study of the conception of Nature among the Pre-Socratics," in Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, XLV. 105 (1910). 4. W. A. Heidel, o.c., p. 106. Professor Heidel has rendered service to scholarship in bringing forward the interpretative value of the Hippocratic writings. In saying "Hippocrates," Professor Heidel is not intending to decide the specific authorship of the tracts drawn upon. 5. I refer to the IIepi Alairns, On Diet, and the Пepi Tovns, On Generation. A sketch of their contents is given by Charles Singer, in Livingstone's The Legacy of Greece, Oxford, 1921, pp. 168 ff. 6. The great edition is that of Littré in ten volumes, with almost too ample introductions, and containing the Greek text printed opposite the French translation. Emile Littré, Oeuvres Complètes d'Hippocrate, Paris, 1839-53. While Littré was bringing out his volumes, in the middle of the nineteenth century, a good English translation, with judicious introduction and notes, was made of The Genuine Works of Hippocrates, by Francis Adams, under the Auspices of the Sydenham Society, London, 1849, and New York, 1886. These writings vary in wisdom and knowledge, and not all of them seem to emanate from the same school. Hippocrates was of an Asclepiad family, and born on the island of Cos, where a temple school of medicine already flourished. He is the supreme representative of the Coan school. The doctrines of the rival school of Cnidus were disapproved by him, yet will be found to have crept into some of the writings included in the Hippocratic Corpus. The Cnidian school was a little earlier than the Coan, and admirable in its practice. Unfortunately for us, and for its own repute, the Cnidian writings are lost. Plato's irony has ruined the Sophists, and the slurs of the Church Fathers on such of their opponents as the Gnostics cannot be repelled by men whom time has rendered voiceless. We wish that the Cnidians also could speak for themselves. 7. The short piece Περί Τέχνη Concerning [the] Art [of healing], in the sixth volume of Littré's edition, argues that there is a real medicine or healing art, which, for example (§ 11), enables the physician to infer from other symptoms what is not visible to the eye in internal disease. 8. Heidel's translation, o.c. 9. The writer of the tract has not in mind those working hypotheses or pre-suppositions, which every man of science uses in systematic observation and experiment; he is thinking of the hypotheses which would ascribe all disease to an excess of warmth or cold, dryness or moisture; for this does not tally with common experience. 10. Water, unmixed with wine, was not highly thought of in ancient Greece. II. On Ancient Medicine, § 13, Adams' translation, o.c., slightly modified. 12. Heidel's translation, o.c. (a very little changed). 13. Adams' Translation, o.c. 14. The attention of Hippocrates and his school was fastened upon acute diseases; chronic affections were regarded as a result of them. 15. Adams' Translation, o.c. 16. Says Charles Singer, after citing some of these Aphorisms: "No less remarkable is the following saying: 'In jaundice it is a grave matter if the liver becomes indurated.' Jaundice is a common and comparatively trivial symptom following or accompanying a large variety of diseases. In and by itself it is of little importance and almost always disappears spontaneously. There is a small group of pathological conditions, however, in which this is not the case. The commonest and most important of these are the fatal affections of cirrhosis and cancer of the liver, in which that organ may be felt to be enlarged and hardened. If therefore the liver can be so felt in a case of jaundice, it is, as the Aphorism says, of gravest import," in The Legacy of Greece, o.c., p. 232. 17. Largely Adams' Translation, o.c. 18. Adams' Translation, o.c. 19. A common Hippocratic operation was opening the patient's chest to relieve the accumulation of pus in cases of empyema, following pneumonia. Cf. Charles Singer, in The Legacy of Greece, o.c., p. 228. One may note that the names of these two diseases and, for that matter, a considerable part of medical nomenclature are from Hippocrates. 20. In The Legacy of Greece, o.c., p. 236. 21. This is apparent when he is seeking to orient himself in his subject, as in the opening chapters of the De Partibus Animalium. 22. Assuredly Leonardo, if ever mortal man, is entitled to be called a universal genius; and his dissections of human bodies and animals were joined in his mind with mathematics and mechanics, though not with philosophy. But unhappily Leonardo's marvellous anatomical drawings remained unknown and exerted no influence upon other investigators, so far as may be ascertained. See H. Hopstock, "Leonardo as Anatomist," in Charles Singer's Studies in the History and Method of Science, Oxford, 1921; II. 151–191. 23. D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, Historia Animalium, English Translation, Oxford, 1910; William Ogle, De Partibus Animalium, English Translation, Oxford, 1911; |