had been afforded to the emigration from Ireland and Scotland upon the terms of the expense of passage, an injustice would have been felt in throwing upon an English parish the additional expense of the location of the emigrant in the colony. II. FOREIGN. TREATY for the PACIFICATION of GREECE, between ENGLAND, FRANCE, and RUSSIA, signed at London 6th July, 1827. In the Name of the most Holy and undivided Trinity, His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, his Majesty the King of France and Navarre, and his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, penetrated with the necessity of putting an end to the sanguinary contest which, by deliver ing up the Greek provinces and the isles of the Archipelago to all the disorders of anarchy, produces daily fresh impediments to the commerce of the European States, and gives occasion to piracies, which not only expose the subjects of the High Contracting Parties to considerable losses, but besides render necessary burthensome measures of protection and repression; his Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and his Majesty the King of France and Navarre, having besides received, on the part of the Greeks, a pressing request to interpose their mediation with the Ottoman Porte, and being, as well as his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, animated by the desire of stopping the effusion of blood, and of arresting the evils of all kinds which might arise from the continuance of such a state of things, have resolved to unite their efforts, and to regulate the operation thereof by a formal treaty, with the view of re-establishing peace between the contending parties by means of an arrangement which is called for as much by humanity as by the interest of the repose of Europe. Wherefore they have nominated their Plenipotentiaries to discuss, agree upon, and sign, the said Treaty, viz. His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the right hon. William viscount Dudley, &c.-His Majesty the King of France and Navarre, the prince Jules, count de Polignac, &c.-And his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, Christopher prince de Lieven, &c. Who, after having communicated their full powers, and found the same in good and due form, agreed upon the following articles: Art. I. The contracting Powers will offer to the Ottoman Porte their mediation, with the view of bringing about a reconciliation between it and the Greeks. This offer of mediation shall be made to this Power immediately after the ratification of the Treaty, by means of a collective declaration signed by the Plenipotentiaries of the allied Courts at Constantinople; and there shall be made, at the same time, to the two contending parties, a demand of an immediate armistice between them, as a preliminary condition indispensable to the opening of any negotiation. Art. II. The arrangement to be proposed to the Ottoman Porte shall rest on the following bases: the Greeks shall hold of the Sultan, as of a superior lord ;* and in consequence of this superiority, they shall pay to the Ottoman Empire an annual tribute (relief), the amount of which shall be fixed, once for all, by a common agreement. They shall be governed by the authorities whom they shall themselves choose and nominate, but in the nomination of whom the Porte shall have a determinate voice. To bring about a complete separation between the individuals of the two nations, and to prevent the collisions which are the inevitable consequence of so long a struggle, the Greeks shall enter upon possession of the Turkish property situated either on the continent, or in the isles of Greece, on the condition of indemnifying the former proprietors, either by the payment of an annual sum, to be added to the tribute which is to be paid to the Porte, or by some other transaction of the same nature. Art. III.-The details of this arrangement, as well as the limits of the territory on the continent, and the designation of the islands of the Archipelago, to which it shall be applicable, shall be settled in a subsequent negotiation between the High Powers and the two contending parties. Art. IV. The contracting Powers engage to follow up the salutary work of the pacification of Greece • Suzerain is the term used. on the bases laid down in the preceding articles, and to furnish without the least delay their representatives at Constantinople with all the instructions which are necessary for the execution of the Treaty now signed. Art.V.-The contracting Powers will not seek in these arrangements any augmentation of territory, any exclusive influence, any commercial advantage for their subjects, which the subjects of any other nation may not equally obtain. Art. VI.-The arrangements of reconciliation and peace, which shall be definitively agreed upon between the contending parties, shall be guaranteed by such of the signing Powers as shall judge it useful or possible to contract the obligation: the mode of the effects of this guarantee shall become the object of subsequent stipulations between the high Powers. Art. VII. The present Treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged in two months, or sooner if possible. In faith whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed, and sealed it with their arms. Done at London, July 6, 1827. Dudley, POLIGNAC, LIEVEN. Additional and Secret Article. In case that the Ottoman Porte does not accept, within the space of one month, the mediation which shall be proposed, the High Contracting Parties agree upon the following measures:— 1. It shall be declared, by their representatives at Constantinople to the Porte, that the inconveniences and evils pointed out in the public treaty as inseparable from the state of things subsisting in the East for the last six years, and the termination of which, through the means at the disposal of the Sublime Porte, appears still remote, impose upon the High Contracting Parties the necessity of taking immediate measures for an approximation with the Greeks. It is to be understood that this approximation shall be brought about by establishing commercial relations with the Greeks, by sending to them for that purpose, and receiving from them, Consular Agents, so long as there shall exist among them authorities capable of maintaining such relations. 2. If, within the said term of one month, the Porte do not accept the armistice proposed in the first article of the public treaty, or if the Greeks refuse to execute it, the High Contracting Powers shall declare to that one of the two contending parties which shall wish to continue hostilities, or to both if such become necessary, that the said High Contracting Powers intend to exert all the means which circumstances may suggest to their prudence to obtain the immediate effect of the armistice, the execution of which they desire, by preventing, in as far as may be in their power, all collision between the contending parties, and, in fact, immediately after the aforesaid declaration, the High Contracting Powers will conjointly employ all their means in the accomplishment of the object thereof, without, however, taking any part in the hostilities between the two contending parties. In consequence, the High Con tracting Powers will, immediately after the signature of the present additional and secret article, transmit eventual instructions conformable to the provisions above set forth, to the admirals commanding their squadrons in the seas of the Levant. 3. Finally, if, contrary to all expectation, these measures do not yet suffice to induce the adoption by the Ottoman Porte of the propositions made by the High Contracting Parties, or if, on the other hand, the Greeks renounce the conditions stipulated in their favour in the Treaty of this day, the High Contracting Powers will, nevertheless, continue to prosecute the work of pacification on the bases agreed upon between them; and, in consequence, they authorize from this time forward their representatives in London to discuss and determine the ulterior measures to which it may become necessary to resort. The present additional and secret article shall have the same force and value as if it had been inserted, word for word, in the Treaty of this day. It shall be ratified, and the ratifications thereof shall be exchanged, at the same time as those of the said Treaty. In faith whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed it, and have thereto affixed the seals of their arms. Done at London, this 6th of July, in the year of Grace 1827. DUDLEY. POLIGNAC. LIEVEN. MANIFESTO of the OTTOMAN PORTE. state, and which are the offspring of its legislation and form of government. It belongs, then, to itself alone to judge of what befits itself, and to busy itself therewith exclusively. Moreover, it is mat affairs of the Sublime Ottoman Porte, are founded on its sacred legislation, and that all its regulations, national and political, are strictly connected with the precepts of religion. [The following document was delivered on the 9th and 10th of June, 1827, by the Reis Effendi to the Dragomans of the French, English, Russian, Austrian, and Prussian, missions, in the order in which they repaired to the Porte.]ter of public notoriety, that all the To every man endowed with intelligence and penetration, it is clear and evident that, conformably to the decrees of Divine Providence, the flourishing condition of this world is owing to the union of the human species in the social state; and that, as on account of their diversity of manners and character, this union could only be accomplished by the subjection of different nations, Almighty wisdom, in dividing the universe into different countries, has assigned to each a sovereign, into whose hands the reins of absolute authority over the nations subject to his dominion are placed; and that it is in this wise manner the Creator has established and regulated the order of the universe. If, on the one hand, the consistency and duration of such a state of things principally depend on monarchs and sovereigns respectively abstaining from every kind of interference in each other's internal and private affairs, it is, on the other hand, not less evident that the essential objects of treaties between empires is to guard against the infringement of a system of order so admirable, and thus to establish the security of people and kingdoms. In this way each independent power, besides the obligations which its treaties and foreign relations impose, possesses also institutions and relations which concern only itself and its internal Now the Greeks, who form part of the nations inhabiting the countries conquered ages ago by the Ottoman arms, and who, from generation to generation, have beentributary subjects of the Sublime Porte, have, like the other nations that, since the origin of Islamism remained faithfully in submission, always enjoyed perfect repose and tranquillity under the ægis of our legislation. It is notorious that these Greeks have been treated like Mussulmans in every respect, and as to every thing which regards their property, the maintenance of their personal security, and the defence of their honour; that they have been, particularly under the glorious reign of the present sovereign, loaded with benefits far exceeding those which their ancestors enjoyed; but it is precisely this great degree of favour, this height of comfort and tranquillity, that has been the cause of the revolt, excited by malignant men, incapable of appreciating the value of such marks of benevolence. Yielding to the delusions of a heated imagination, they have dared to raise the standard of revolt, not only against their benefactor and legitimate sovereign, but also against all the Mussulman people, by committing the most horrible excesses, sacrificing to their vengeance defenceless women and innocent children with unexampled atrocity. As each power has its own particular penal code and political ordinances, the tenor whereof forms the basis for its acts of sovereignty, so the Sublime Porte, in every thing relating to the exercise of its sovereignty, rests exclusively upon its holy legislation, according to which the rebels fall to be treated. But in inflicting necessary punishment on some with the sole view of amending them, the Porte has never refused to pardon those who implore its mercy, and to replace them as before under the ægis of its protection. In the same manner the Sublime Porte always resolved to conform to the ordinances of its sacred law, notwithstanding the attention devoted to its domestic affairs, has never neglected to cultivate the relations of good understanding with friendly powers. The Sublime Porte has always been ready to comply with whatever treaties and the duties of friendship prescribe. Its most sincere prayers are offered up for that peace and general tranquillity which, with the aid of the Most High, will be re-established in the same manner as the Sublime Porte has always extended its conquests, namely, by separating its faithful subjects from the refractory and malevolent, and by terminating the existing troubles by its own resources, without giving occasion to discussions with the powers who are its friends, or to any demands on their part. All the efforts of the Sublime Porte have but one object, which is the desire of the establishment of general tranquillity, while fo reign interference can only tend to a prolongation of the rebellion. The firm and constant intention of the Sublime Porte to attend to its principal interests which spring from its sacred law, merits their approbation and respect, while any foreign interference must be liable to blame and animadversion. Now, it is clear and evident that by adhering to this principle, every thing might have been terminated long since, but for the ill-founded propositions which have been advanced concerning the conformity of religion, and the fatal influence which this state of things has, perhaps, exercised throughout the whole of Europe, and the injury to which maritime commerce may have been exposed. At the same time the hopes of the malevolent have been constantly encouraged by the improper conduct of giving them assistance of every kind, which at any time ought to have been reproved, conformably to the law of nations. It is besides to be observed, that the relations and treaties subsisting between the Sublime Porte and the powers in friendship with it, have been entered into with the monarchs and ministers of these powers only; and considering the obligation of every independent power to govern its subjects itself, the Sublime Porte has not failed to address to some friendly courts complaints respecting the succours afforded to the insurgents. The only answer made to these representations has been, to give to machinations tending to subvert laws and treaties, the signification of liberty; and to interpret proceedings contrary to existing engagements by the expression of neutrality, alleging the insufficieney of means for restraining the people. |