prisoners for want of a guard. Punishments were of frightful severity, but apparently without any good effect. At Surat eight Europeans deserted during the military operations; all were retaken; one was shot, the others received a thousand lashes. Of seven topasses who deserted a little later under extenuating circumstances, five were sentenced to be shot, but as an act of mercy, permitted to escape each with eight hundred or a thousand lashes. Even the king's troops were contaminated, and at Tellicherry, when called into active service, loudly and insubordinately uttered the old complaint of want of beef, protesting against the fish rations provided for them on four days of the week. A European serjeant at Bombay, who had served his time, and on applying for his discharge been told to wait until the ships should sail for Europe, openly and violently abused the Government. They would have treated him in return with rigour, but Sir James Foulis with his usual discretion recommended forbearance, observing that if he were punished, soldiers who are not accustomed to reason in such matters, would at once conclude that it was merely because he had applied for his discharge. And so they wisely passed over his insolence, except that they made him live at his own expense for some months, until an opportunity offered of sending him to Europe.

At Tellicherry, the military officers, who had previously shown great deference to the civil authorities, now joined their brethren of Bombay in remonstrating against the new order, and their language was more offensive. There they proceeded to actual revolt. Captain Hugh Cameron, the commanding officer, having before treated the Chief and Council with disrespect, was according to their directions not permitted to receive the honours due to his rank. He therefore openly defied them, and then quietly walking off to Cananore, sent from thence his commission to the Chief, accompanied by a letter, in which he expressed his utmost contempt for his worship and the Company's service. His example was imitated by Funge, his next officer, who being ordered to attend the Chief with a guard of honour at a banquet given by the linguist, refused to salute his worship, saying that it was not his business to dance attendance as a lacquey on civilians, whenever they pleased to leave the factory for their amusement. He was tried at Bombay, when a reaction in favour of obedience had begun to set in, by a court-martial, the members of which did their duty, and dismissed him from the service. But he was really a worthy man, and on all previous occasions had been faithful to his trust. The Government, attributing his single act of insubordi

Repugnance of officers to the service.

297

nation to the seductions of the evil-minded Cameron, pardoned him, on his apologising to the insulted Chief of Tellicherry. A soldier's death soon after wiped away the one stain which tarnished his fair fame.*

We read a curious and valuable lesson in the history of the throes by which the discipline of our Indian army as at present constituted, and the final settlement of its relations to the civil power, were brought to the birth. The machine worked very badly at first; wheels and springs refused to move, were deranged and dislocated; but by altering the disposition of the parts, supplying a defect here, and another there, the artificers have contrived at last to render it almost complete. The Anglo-Saxon respect for order, with that sense of duty which is stronger in Englishmen than even the love of power and glory, has prevailed over oppression, envy, discontent, and faction. Fermentation has subsided, and left what is sound and good; from confusion and disorder, have sprung method and system; from chaos, an admirable world.

But the repugnance with which all the best military men for many years regarded the service, is worthy of notice. As soon as one left, his aversion was inherited by another. When the health of Sir James Foulis was failing, and he was obliged to go away for a short time on leave, Mace, an engineer officer, who had only just received from the President a major's commission, was appointed to command the garrison. This gave offence to Major Chalmers, the old king's officer, who when he had in vain protested against it, retired from the country in disgust. Then De Funck, after having served many years, complained of being superseded in his engineer's appointment by the said Mace, whose salary of three hundred pounds a year excited the envy of all. At first De Funck objected to render him any assistance, and then resigned his office. The Government, although Sir James Foulis and Mr. Hornby strenuously opposed the measure in Council, retaliated by depriving De Funck of his company of artillery, and refusing his application for a court-martial. So he also retires in disgust. Then comes the turn of Sir James Foulis. Instead of being suspected and disliked by his officers, he is now their ally, and takes their part against Government, by whom he is in consequence thwarted and bullied. His last application is for the appointment of an adjutant to the Company's artillery. He shows that the

*Bombay Diary, 26th February 1756, 29th November 1757, 23rd and 28th May, and 26th October 1758, 20th May 1760. Tellicherry Diary, 1st February

royal artillery have one, and without such an officer the duties of the corps cannot be efficiently discharged. His representations are most reasonable, and subsequently Government adopt all his suggestions; but now they prefer to treat him with neglect. Then he opens to them his mind, tells them that they have repeatedly subjected him to indignities, that such treatment has now become intolerable, that his health is breaking under it, and that he must have a passage on an East Indiaman for himself and family to Europe. Government express no regret at the loss of a high-minded gentleman, and active talented officer. He also retires in disgust. Sir James is succeeded by Major Fraser, a dashing officer from the Mall of London, who comes to astonish the dowdy servants of the Company with an elegant chariot, showy palanquin, and unusually large retinue of domestics. But he contrives to make all this display at too cheap a rate; his servants are soldiers, whom he thus employs without the knowledge of Government, and he conspires with his next officer, Captain Black, the Town Major, to send in at muster day false returns. Nine sepoys are clad in Fraser's livery and required to run by the side of his carriage, while sixteen havildars and sepoys are regularly employed in his service, besides others who work occasionally for him as tailors and labourers; and cooly fishermen are compelled by Black to carry his palanquin, under threats of the triangles and cat-o'-nine tails. The dishonest officers are detected. Black is merely deprived of his appointment as Town Major, and ordered to refund the sums which he has overdrawn; but he resigns the service. Fraser stands upon his dignity, blusters, and refuses all explanation. The Government, he affirms, have always shown their dislike for officers appointed direct from England, and had persecuted his two predecessors until they were driven to resign the service. He will resign, and is permitted to do so on giving security for the payment of four thousand rupees. He also retires in disgust.*

No territory, if we except the Island of Bombay and a few square miles at Tellicherry, had yet been acquired in Western India, so that as the disciplined force was in times of peace larger than was required, detachments were occasionally sent to Madras and Bengal. In 1754 Captain Forbes's company of Europeans, the remnant of the Swiss, and three companies of sepoys-in all six hundred and fifty men were transferred to Madras, together with a hundred and fifty topasses from Tellicherry, fifty from Anjengo, and some recruits raised in those districts. This detachment, commanded by *Bombay Diary, 3rd January, 7th February, 31st March 1758; October, November, and 31st December 1760, and 2nd June 1761.

Clive's oppressions.

299

Captain Andrew Armstrong, served with distinction under Major Lawrence, but complained bitterly of the ill-treatment they met with in return. The Government of Bengal, just after the terrible tragedy of the Black Hole, applied for a portion of the royal artillery, but as their commanding officer refused to divide them, some of the Company's artillery already pronounced by the Government equal to the artillery of any service-proceeded there with some infantry, and arrived in time to take their part in the capture of Chandernagore. Armstrong, who was also with this detachment, wrote to his Government many representations of injuries inflicted on him by Clive. He had brought to the notice of the President in Bengal what he considered an unfair distribution of prize money, and his letter had been favourably received. Clive, offended at this, ordered him to resign his command, although no charges of misconduct had been brought against him, and to lead some aged and infirm topasses back to Bombay. Armstrong remonstrated, and was brought to a court-martial. As he was honourably acquitted, we may suppose that he had, as he said, been harshly and unjustly treated. Clive added one more instance of his malice and disregard for law, by refusing to insert his acquittal in general orders. But none of these acts, so discreditable to the Indian hero, are recorded by his biographers, who, with the exception of a bitter and libellous foreigner, seem anxious to prove that modern biography is little more than systematised eulogy.

In 1760 the three companies of royal artillery, and a company of European infantry, were sent to Madras.

On the eleventh of April 1760 was heard for the first time the morning and evening gun, which has without interruption for nearly a century shaken the glazed windows and ricketty rafters of Bombay. There was some reason to fear that the Court of Directors would grumble at the trifling expense, and it was therefore arranged that a saving should be made by diminishing the number of honorary salutes.

On the seventh of August 1762 war with Spain was proclaimed at Bombay; but the first of September was observed as a day of thanksgiving for the restoration of peace with both Spain and France. At nine in the morning the President and Council, attended by the principal European and native inhabitants, repaired to the Green, where the Secretary to Government, mounted as usual on horseback, read his majesty's proclamation of peace, and

a salute was fired. The Europeans then went to church, "and heard a thanksgiving sermon prepared for the occasion."*

ART. IV.-INDIAN ARCHITECTURE.

The Illustrated Hand-Book of Architecture. BY JAMEs FerGUSSON, M.R.I.B.A., &c. 2 vols. 8vo. London; 1855.

ARCHITECTURE, invented originally to supply some of the commonest wants of humanity, gradually unfolded itself into one of the most noble as well as most universal of those arts which we call pre-eminently "the fine." For many centuries her monuments stand forth as the landmarks of history; they form a species of preconstituted evidence which describes with accuracy the growth of the world's civilisation, and displays with fidelity the mental characteristics of various races, of distant localities, and of widely separated times. By well-defined and easily-traced gradations may the progress of the human race be followed, while the wigwam grows into a hut, the hut into a house, the house into a palace, and the palace into a temple. Nor with less certainty may the temper of men's minds be read in the massive mystery of the Egyptian pyramid, in the brightness and grace of the Athenian temple, in the half barbaric glitter of the Alhambra, or in the religious aspiration of the Gothic church.

But the time at last arrived when, as regards architecture, in Europe at least, men began to look backwards too much and forwards too little. Then progress ceased, expression was lost; the civilised man, retracing his steps, fell behind the half barbarian, who still advanced upon the right path, until in this nineteenth century, which has erected so many scientific monuments, the architectural ambition of the foremost nations is found to content

*Bombay Diary, 26th February and 20th August 1754; 27th April 1755; 15th April and October 1756; 21st July 1758; 11th April and 4th May 1760; 7th August and 1st September 1762. Diary of the Select Committee, March 1757 and 23rd January 1758.