such parents or guardians should pay a liberal allowance for the board and education of their children. A second scale was fixed for the sons of burgesses whose wealth was more restricted, but who yet could afford some profit from their fees. The children of the industrious classes might receive education at a charge not more than remunerating for the labour, while gratuitous education was provided for those children whose parents could only afford to feed their offspring. From the two former classes he calculated a profitable return; and upon the fund thus created, he arranged that orphan and destitute children should be wholly fed, clothed, and educated in the institution.

When Franke originated this establishment, Halle was in a state of great religious activity,-what would be called a revival prevailed; devout and fervid piety characterised the people as well as their teachers. Professor Tholuck assured me that Franke had then prayer-meetings in almost every street of the town, and enjoyed the warmest affections of the people of his pastorate; and that the community generally were zealously affected for evangelical truth, and excited to a concern for religion above any subsequent experience. Striking contrast to the scene I witnessed, when these thousands of children had, so far as I could learn, no religious exercises whatever in their own chapel or in a sabbath-school, or yet by prescribed attendance at any place of worship beyond the bounds of their institution, while regularly only once a fortnight is their attendance required at public worship. The inspector-a government appointment, having power to direct, control, remove, and dismiss-is, I was informed, the most distinguished and zealous neologian-a rationalist sceptic and antagonist to the inspiration of Scripture-in that part of Prussia. It is under his direction the preaching and religious teaching of these orphans and scholars are placed. So much for government control. No doubt his object is to bring the children under the influence of his own religious peculiari

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ties. What the seed sown by such a husbandman may produce can be imagined.

They are instructed in what may be reputed the general literature of the age. They are taught the art of printing and the trade of bookbinding. The Bible is printed and bound in large supplies for the market; thus far a blessing is conferred on the community at large. But religious instruction, such as we value for our sabbath-schools, is hardly known among the youth of the institution. I was indeed informed of one exception: a pious assistant, though himself young, was yet animated by a generous love for the young people, and of his own accord had begun a sabbath-school in one of the departments of the institution. On the day of my visit, and for one or two weeks more, he was to be absent from Halle on leave, and he had no substitute. Had I seen him, my information might have been more extensive and correct. A fine majestic statue of Franke, the founder, in bronze, by Rauch, to which king and people contributed, has been erected in front of the Waisenhaus. How much better a monument would be a man of like spirit with Franke in charge of the Institut! His labours prospered by voluntary liberality-what is the fruit of state bounty?

The building is of brick, plastered; nothing of gaudy ornament attaches to it: I should even say its appearance is hardly worthy of the object. The exterior is without finish, and the plaister has given way in many parts. A better style might be useful to the scholars; but I cannot too severely criticise what belongs to the founder. His original design was for a blessing to the people, and it is well calculated for its object. I understood the fees paid for gentlemen's sons were profitable enough to provide for the institution, and to supply what was needful for the orphan department. I should like to see some such institution founded in Manchester, in connection with a university of the highest reputation, which would supply the

sons of wealthy persons, without the necessity of removing them to Oxford or Cambridge. There is no reason why such an institution might not be founded and prospered, with its doors open for the children of any class able to pay the moderate and necessary fees, and willing even to give a surplus which might supply nurseries for the deserving sons of parents who could not themselves pay the incidental expenses, but who would gladly provide the sustenance and clothing which such a course would require. By such means, too, it would be alike creditable and appropriate to create the resources needful for the popular education of those whose parents are not alive, or are unable to afford for their children daily bread. How much better thus to make provision, than by unequal and odious taxation, and the infringement of liberty in teaching or of conscience, by overbearing or exacting rulers and legislators to force knowledge and propagate opinion!

I enjoyed a season of grateful and improving converse with Dr. Tholuck, while he sought his own needful recreation, and kindly conducted me through scenes I should not otherwise have seen in Halle. I was forcibly impressed with the different mode in which even eminent Christians occupy themselves on Sunday from what we usually think evangelical religion requires of us. Surely, in such a case, it becomes every one to be fully persuaded in his own mind, while to him who thinks that he knoweth to do good, and doth it not, to him it is sin. The professor entered very freely into what may be designated experimental religion, and the test by which he would prove vital and personal godliness, recalling some of the sayings of Chrysostom, and how he used to impress upon the younger students of theology the cultivation of piety, humility, and self-abasement. I marked a great contrast between Dr. Tholuck and Dr. Neander, of Berlin, though both rose pre-eminently in my affectionate esteem by personal intercourse. I was strongly reminded of Dr. Pye

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Smith, of Homerton, by the manners and society of Dr. Tholuck, the same childlike simplicity-the same ingenuous affableness and singleness of purpose-the same clearness of aim and expression, and earnestness of pursuit -the same profound and intellectual thoughts, without effort or apparent consciousness-the gentleman, the scholar, and the consecrated genius in Christ. I love them both, and feel grateful to God that He has called such men as his servants.

I heard some amusing anecdotes respecting the town and university preachers, who supply their several pulpits in rotation. I was pleased to hear that neology had few hearers, and that its rationalist divines had little heart to preaching. I went to one of the churches occupied in turns the preacher was a popular supply, the names are notified during the preceding week, and I was apprized that I should hear Dr. Neander. I thus was not able to judge of his orthodoxy, but marked that during his discourse the name of Jesus was often repeated, perhaps thirty times, with reverence and affection; I hence concluded that it was a name which was savoury in the speaker's estimate, as well as in that of his hearers. Yet I was surprised that, except in reading what would be called a collect, he had no devotion—no prayer in his service; which therefore appeared to me most incomplete. They had singing, and this I fancied would never cease. They continued to hymn page after page, till I concluded their music was instead of formal and ministerial prayers. They threw their voice, and I should say their heart, into this melody it was congregational in the largest sense; all joined, and without choir or organ. It was not a chant, or a fine scientific exhibition of musical performance, neither was there what I would describe as mellowed and fervid feeling in the utterances of the assembly yet I suppose this was the part which they would regard as the devotional division of the congregational worship. I

had the pleasure of mingling in the hallowed affections of a few in the dwelling of Mrs. P——, to whom Professor Tholuck introduced me. Here German, American, and Scotch saints formed but one company, and with the symbols as well as the feelings of devotion we gathered round the throne. Had I done this in German, I should have been breaking the law; but as our exercises were conducted in English, we were within the constitution. I gave frank utterance to my convictions of the state, wants and prospects of Germany, and urged on the few friends, my impression that Lutheranism and Reform needed reform and new life; and that what was needed might come from without, that it would be a high honour if any of them should become the instrument of exciting the German mind and renovating the German Reformation; while I thought they had many facilities in their intercourse with so many students congregated by the popular éclat of evangelical professors. I suggested the work begun in the universities might soon extend to all parts of the land and all classes of the people, and especially through the pulpit and the press. I therefore urged them to pursue the prize, that they might wear the crown.

NOTE. By some of my readers I may be thought to have taken too favourable a view of the present religious movement and its leaders in Germany. A more mature discussion of the subject would afford a clearer index of my thoughts and inquiries; and I cannot hesitate to avail myself of a communication from a friend, recently a witness of the work and the labourers. His opinions may be useful to others. He found it difficult to sympathize with the movement on account of its Rationalism. He says, With but few exceptions, (amongst whom Czerski deserves honourable mention, the more especially as he has left that body, and is tolerably orthodox, considering all things,) these Reformers' are Neologists. The speculations of certain journalists' about the real character of this movement are grievously at fault. The fact is undeniable that Ronge and Kerbler, at least, deny the inspiration of the Bible, the deity of Christ, and the atonement, as fully as ever Belsham did. There is far more political and theological liberalism in the affair than religion.

"This is sad, indeed; but I have the best evidence of its truth. To compare Ronge's agitation to Luther's is preposterous. It is admitted that both are antagonistic to popery; but so were likewise the leaders of the French Revolution. But the Confessions?' Confessions of faith are worth no more in Germany than at Oxford, nor so much even; for subscription is not obligatory. I have attended an ordination of one of their priests, where the only profession was a series of negations, which any Socinian might have declared."

The state and tendency of the German mind differ much in the nineteenth century from what they were in the sixteenth. Perhaps something may be ascribed to these differences in the religious revolutions and developments of the present times.