except in Canton. Practically, this means, Peking, Canton, Nanking, Chentu and Hankow. There are such schools either in operation or under organization in each of these cities except Canton, where a union is not yet consummated. The three Wuhan cities (Hankow, Han Yang, Wuchang) have a small school conducted by the two societies in Hankow, and another across the river under the American Episcopal Church in Wuchang. This great center has been selected by the movement headed by Lord William Cecil as the site of the Oxford-Cambridge University scheme. If and when this plan materializes, an adequate medical college certainly will be a part of it. Aside from these five centers designated by the China Medical Missionary Association and those mentioned by Dr. Edwards in his report, there is a Union Medical College at Chinanfu, Shantung with three permanent instructors and two lecturers. There is one at Mukden, Manchuria, with five teachers. The only missionary schools using English as the teaching medium are St. John's in Shanghai, which has now affiliated with the Harvard Medical School in China; and the University Medical School, affiliated with the Canton Christian College. Aside from the colleges mentioned, there are others that may be noted. With chracteristic German thoroughness a school has been started in Shanghai which gives a preparatory course in the German language and in the sciences and then a medical course, the whole covering seven years. This is part of a campaign to make Germany and the German language greater factors in the Far East than they are at present. In Canton the French have a school with three professors. Their lectures are interpreted into Chinese-a thoroughly unsatisfactory method. Hongkong University, a semiofficial institution recently organized, will have a good medical department. Although it is in British territory, it must exert a large influence in South China. The Japanese have opened three or four schools in China, but they are purely commerical ventures and the less said about them the better. All the schools mentioned are for men. sionary medical colleges for women.

There are two misOne is in Canton.

The other, the Union Medical College for Women in Peking,

is the foreign language of the Orient and it is fast becoming true that no man can consider himself educated unless he knows something of it. The second factor, the matter of technical terms is also difficult. There has been a desultory work on the compilation of technical terms, but it has not reached the natural sciences and may not for a long time. By the rules of the Chinese language, it is improper to create new characters, i.e., to coin new words. It would be equivalent to making new words in a modern language without going to the dead languages for the roots. What must be done is to combine existing characters so as to give the requisite meaning, where a single ideograph does not suffice to express the thought. Thus one is confined to a choice of say forty thousand characters with their meanings which originated when the world was comparatively primitive, together with combinations of the same. The difficulty is that what would correspond to a polysyllabic word with us becomes a string of characters a definition in fact, expressed in what must be lucid Chinese. The result is sometimes weird. A short cut but worse expedient is the transliteration of the sound of the foreign word. Here the trouble is that beside having absolutely no meaning to the uninitiated the sound values of different characters vary in different parts of the country and what might be a fair imitation in one place would have little resemblance in another. In spite of what we may say about the difficulties, the modern writers on every subject under the sun go on coining new terms (not new characters) and many of them are very pat. The same will be done in medicine in time. It should be undertaken by a government commission if suitable men can be found. It is a very difficult task if well done, for it combines an extensive knowledge of Chinese characters, a thorough technical knowledge of the science whose terms are translated, e.g., medicine, and that masterly quality which uses just the right word to express each shade of meaning. Perhaps the men can be found now; perhaps we shall have to wait a few years. The Japanese met the same difficulties and solved them as far as they have been solved, as the Chinese are doing. They began by teaching technical subjects

issued by the college itself will receive the stamp of the board of education in the future.

This fairly covers what has been done for China. What has China done for herself? Very little as yet. The program laid down by the imperial edict of 1909 contemplated a hospital and medical school in every provincial capital as well as a medical department in the Imperial University in Peking. This, like many other paper reforms of the Manchu government, was never carried out. Practically the only medical education conducted by the government are the two colleges in Tientsin-the Pei Yang Medical College and the Army Medical College. The first is taught by three or four French physicians and about an equal number of Chinese graduates of the school. The medium of instruction is English. The second formerly had Japanese instructors, whose lectures in their own language were interpreted into Chinese. The textbooks were those used in Japan, i.e., written in the slightly modified Chinese classical language. Having dismissed the Japanese staff, the Army Medical College is about to use English as its teaching language. These schools train the surgeons for the army and navy, but some of their graduates, especially of the first and older institutions are now in civil and non-medical official positions.

This brings us to a consideration of the language medium in teaching western medicine in China. It is a question in which there is no unanimity. Strangely the China Medical Missionary Association representing foreigners, favors Chinese colloquial for the conversational parts of the instruction and the easy classical style for text books; while the Chinese government has decreed that all science, including medicine shall be taught in English. The board of education has been forced into this position by two factors, the lack of teachers and the lack of technical terms in the Chinese language. The instructors in the sciences as well as in many of the other higher branches in the government colleges and universities are foreigners especially English and Americans. They go out under a three-year contract, so that learning to teach in Chinese is out of the question. English

is the foreign language of the Orient and it is fast becoming true that no man can consider himself educated unless he knows something of it. The second factor, the matter of technical terms is also difficult. There has been a desultory work on the compilation of technical terms, but it has not reached the natural sciences and may not for a long time. By the rules of the Chinese language, it is improper to create new characters, i.e., to coin new words. It would be equivalent to making new words in a modern language without going to the dead languages for the roots. What must be done is to combine existing characters so as to give the requisite meaning, where a single ideograph does not suffice to express the thought. Thus one is confined to a choice of say forty thousand characters with their meanings which originated when the world was comparatively primitive, together with combinations of the same. The difficulty is that what would correspond to a polysyllabic word with us becomes a string of characters a definition in fact, expressed in what must be lucid Chinese. The result is sometimes weird. A short cut but worse expedient is the transliteration of the sound of the foreign word. Here the trouble is that beside having absolutely no meaning to the uninitiated the sound values of different characters vary in different parts of the country and what might be a fair imitation in one place would have little resemblance in another. In spite of what we may say about the difficulties, the modern writers on every subject under the sun go on coining new terms (not new characters) and many of them are very pat. The same will be done in medicine in time. It should be undertaken by a government commission if suitable men can be found. It is a very difficult task if well done, for it combines an extensive knowledge of Chinese characters, a thorough technical knowledge of the science whose terms are translated, e.g., medicine, and that masterly quality which uses just the right word to express each shade of meaning. Perhaps the men can be found now; perhaps we shall have to wait a few years. The Japanese met the same difficulties and solved them as far as they have been solved, as the Chinese are doing. They began by teaching technical subjects

in the language of the country which they took as their model in that particular branch. Medicine fell to German and I understand that even yet some of the most technical parts of medicine are studied in that language. The Japanese use the Chinese classical language, having derived it with much of their culture from China many centuries ago. It might be asked why the Chinese do not use the Japanese terms or even the Japanese textbooks. The answer is that the Japanese use many characters in other senses than the Chinese do, so that the meaning is not clear; they use many unusual characters; and their whole literary style is not pleasing or shall we say correct, from the Chinese standpoint. Moreover, they have used many transliterations of the sounds of foreign terms, accurate perhaps when pronounced in Japanese, but meaningless when given the Chinese sounds. And moreover, the Chinese sound values, as I have pointed out, are not the same everywhere. The China Medical Missionary Association and those who agree with their viewpoint, that a great country like China ultimately must study and write about every subject, technical or otherwise, in their own language, have taken the bull by the horns and have compiled an English-Chinese Medical Lexicon, covering the commoner medical terms and will add to it as new editions appear. It has some faults. Some terms are poor. Some rules of Chinese composition occasionally are broken, but it is a step in the right direction. It will be tried by fire and the good will remain.

And this brings us to the subject of modern medical literature in the Chinese language. It is not a large subject, more's the pity. I have noted the abortive attempt of a Jesuit father to translate an anatomy, and the more fruitful labors of Dr. Hobson in Canton. Dr. Kerr, of Canton, wrote several treatises, as did several others, but it is since 1900 that most has been done. The works now translated and published by the publication committee of the China Medical Missionary Association comprise twenty-three titles, including most but not all of the fundamental branches of medicine. Other books are in the press and still others are being translated. Within a few years when China