chancellor of exchequer, lord lieutenant of Chester, &c.; but though he held some of these offices for life, he was dismissed from others, as he opposed the court measures, and wished for further limitations of the royal prerogative. To avoid all appearance of ingratitude, his dismission was accompanied with the creation of the new title of Earl of Warrington, in 1690, and a pension of £2000 a year. He died 2d January, 1694. He wrote several political tracts, and the Case of William Earl of Devonshire; which, with his speeches made in parliament, and some family prayers, were published in one volume, 8vo. in 1694.

BOOTH (Abraham), a dissenting clergyman of the Baptist persuasion, was born at Blackwell, in Derbyshire, in 1734, of poor parents. He had consequently but little education, and at an early age was placed with a stocking-weaver. He studied the Scriptures diligently, however, and became so well versed in them as to be called to the ministry among the Baptists, and he at the same time opened a school at Sutton-Ashfield. In 1769 he was ordained pastor of the church in Prescot-street, Goodman's-fields, where he exercised his charge in a great professional conduct and a spotless character till his death in 1806. He wrote, 1. The Reign of Grace, 8vo. 2. Glad Tidings to Perishing Sinners. 3. The Death of Legal Hope, the Life of Evangelical Obedience, 12mo. 4. An Essay on the Kingdom of Christ. 5. Pastoral Cautions. 6. Pædobaptism Examined, 3 vols. and some other works.

BOOTÓN, an island of the Eastern Seas, lying off the south-eastern extremity of Celebes, in about the fifth degree of south latitude. Its length may be estimated at eighty-five miles, and its width at twenty miles. It is separated from the island of Pangansane by a strait, which is passable for square rigged vessels. This island is high and woody, but well cultivated, and produces rice, maize, yams, a variety of tropical fruits, and abundance of the wild bread fruit tree. Fowls, goats, buffaloes, and fish, are also to be procured here. The inhabitants are very tawny, of short stature, and ugly; their language on the sea coast is the Malay, and their religion Mahommedan. The Dutch had formerly a settlement in the bay of Booton, and held the chief of the island under a sort of subjection. On the east side is a bay, named by the Dutch Dwaal, or Mistake Bay, into which if a ship be drifted by the currents, she cannot get out until the west monsoon sets in, and even then it is difficult. A Dutch governor, going to Banda, was detained in this gulf a whole year.

BOOT-TOPPING, in sea language, the act of cleaning the upper part of the ship's bottom, or that part which lies immediately under the surface of the water, and daubing it over with tallow, or with a mixture of tallow, sulphur, resin, &c.

BOOTY',

BOOTING, v. See BOOT.
BOOTY'ING.

If it be indeed an incendiary letter, what if you and I, sir, go there; and when the writer comes to be paid for his expected booty, seize him. Goldsmith.

BOOTY, among the Greeks, was divided in common among the army, the general only claiming a larger share. By the military discipline of the Romans, spoils taken from the enemy belonged to the republic, particular persons having no right to them. Sometimes indeed they divided it among the soldiery, to animate them, and serve in lieu of a reward. But this distribution depended on the generals, who were to conduct themselves herein with great equity and moderation; otherwise it became a crime of peculation to lay hands on the pillage. The consuls Romulus and Vaturius were condemned for having sold the booty taken from the Equi. During the Jewish republic, the booty was divided equally between the army and the people; but under the kings a different kind of distribution obtained. Among the Mahommedans, twothirds of the spoils are allowed to the army; the other third to God, to Mahomet and his relations, and to the orphans, the poor, and the pilgrims. Among us, formerly, the booty was divided among the soldiers. If the general be in the field, every body takes what he can lay hold of: if the general be absent, the booty is distributed among the soldiers, two parts being allowed the cavalry, and one to the infantry. A captain is allowed ten shares, a lieutenant six, and a cornet four.

BO'PEEP. Bo and peep; childish play, not always confined to children. A kind of advancing and retiring; looking and hiding the face, for the mere purpose of drawing each other on to further amusement. It is sometimes played by parent and child; by knave and fool; by the gallant and his wanton.

The woman wantonnesse, shee comes with 'ticing traine; Pride in her pocket plaies bopeepe, and bawdry in her Gasgoigne's Flowers. Then they for sudden joy did weep,

braine.

And I for sorrow sung, That such a king should play bopeep, And go the fools among.

Rivers,

Shakspeare.

Just so,

in life he runs about,

Dryden.

E. Moore.

Plays at bopeep, now in now out; But hurts no mortal creature. BOPYRUS, in entomology, a genus of the class arachnides, order tetracera, and family assellota, of Latreille: the monoculi of Linnæus. They live by suction on different marine crustacea.

BOQUINIANS, BOQUINII, a sect of Sacramentarians, who asserted that the body o. Christ was present in the Eucharist only to those for whom he died; viz. the elect.

BOQUINUS, the founder of the sect of Boquinians, a Lutheran divine, who taught that Christ did not die for all mankind, but only for the faithful, and consequently was only a particular Saviour. In this opinion he was not singular.

BORACIC ACID. To procure this acid, dissolve borax in hot water, filter the solution, then add sulphuric acid by little and little, till the liquid has a sensibly acid taste, and when cool, a great number of small shining crystals will form. These are the boracic acid. They are to be washed with cold water, and drained upon brown paper. Homberg first obtained this acid separate in 1702, by distilling a mixture of borax and sulphate of iron.

Boracic acid appears in the form of thin irregular hexagonal scales, of a silvery whiteness, having a kind of greasy feel. It has at first a sourish taste, then a bitter cooling impression, leaving an agreeable sweetness. It is not brittle but ductile; it has no smell. Exposed to the fire it swells, losing its water of crystallisation, and in this state it is called calcined boracic acid. It melts a little before it is red-hot, but it does not flow freely till it is red. After fusion it is a hard glass, unaltered in its properties, for on being dissolved in boiling water it crystallises as before. This glass is much used in the composition of false gems.

Boiling water dissolves scarcely one-fiftieth part; cold water much less. It is more soluble in alcohol, and alcohol containing it burns with a green flame. If mixed with finely powdered charcoal, it is capable of vitrification; and with soot it melts into a black bitumen-like mass, soluble in water, and not easily burned to ashes; part sublimes, With the assistance of a distilling heat it dissolves in oils, especially mineral oils; and with these it imparts a green color to spirit of wine. When rubbed with phosphorus it does not prevent its inflammation, but an earthy yellow matter is left behind. It dissolves none of the metals except iron and zinc, and perhaps copper; but it combines with most of the metallic oxides, as it does with the alkalies. It is of great use in analysing stones that contain a fixed alkali.

Crystallised boracic acid is a compound of fifty-seven parts of acid and forty-three of water. The honor of discovering the radical of boracic acid, is divided between Sir H. Davy and MM. Gay Lussac and Thenard. The first, on apply ing his powerful voltaic battery to it, obtained a chocolate-colored body in small quantity; but the two latter chemists, by acting on it with potassium in equal quantities, at a low red heat, formed boron and sub-borate of pot ash. See BORON.

The boracic acid has been found in a disengaged state in several lakes of hot mineral waters in Tuscany, in the proportion of nearly nine grains in a hundred of water; and also adhering to schistus, on the borders of lakes, of an obscure white, yellow, or greenish color, and crystallised in the form of needles.

BORACITE. Borate of magnesia. A crystallised mineral found in gypsum in the Kalberg in Brunswick, and at Segeberg in Holland. It is translucent, and of a shining lustre; color yellow, gray, or greenish-white. Vauquelin's

Analysis gives 83·4 boracic acid, and 16·6 magnesia. Its most remarkable property is, that like the tourmalin it becomes electric by heat; and it has four electric poles, the perfect angles always exhibiting negative electricity, and the truncated angles positive.

BORAGO, BORAGE, in botany, a genus of plants, of the class pentandria, order monogynia. The generic character is, CAL. five cleft: cor. rotate, having at its orifice five obtuse emarginate teeth. It contains seven species, the most remarkable of which is the B. officinalis, or common borage, employed in medicine as a refrigerant. It grows wild in this country, but was brought from Aleppo.

BORAK, AL, in the Mahommedan theology, the animal, something between a mule and an ass, which carried the prophet on his journey from Jerusalem to heaven. The night on which he performed this excursion is called Leilat al Meérage, the night of the ascension.

BORANA, in entomology, a species of tortrix, inhabiting Sweden. The head cinereous, and thorax fuscous.

BORASSUS, in botany, a genus of plants described by Linnæus. The male and female flowers grow on separate plants, and are called by different names, in the Hortus Malabaricus; the male being called ampana, and the female carimpana: CAL. a spathe; spadix amentaceous, imbricate: COR, three-parted. Fem. styles three: drupe three-celled, three-seeded. One species only, a native of India, a palm with leaves folded like a fan, and cut at the edges.

BORAX is a salt, in appearance similar to alum, brought originally from the East Indies ir. an impure state, and afterwards purified in Europe. It was long uncertain whether this salt was a natural or factitious substance; but it is now ascertained that it is naturally produced in the mountains of Thibet, from whence otheparts of the eastern continent are supplied. Mr Kirwan, in his mineralogy, informs us, that Mr. Grill Adamson sent some to Sweden in 1772, in a crystalline form, as dug out of the earth in Thibet, where it is called pounxa, my-poun, and houi-poun. It is said to have been found in Saxony in some coal-pits.

Borax is found, in commerce, in three different states. 1. Borax, Chinese, is somewhat pure, and is met with in the form of small plates or masses irregularly crystallised, and of a dirty white. It appears to consist of fragments of prisms and pyramids, confounded together without any symmetrical arrangement. A white powder appears on the surface, thought to be of an argillaceous nature. 2. Borax, crude, tincal, or chrysocolla, comes from Persia in greenish masses, of a greasy feel, or in opaque crystals of an olive green, which are six-sided prisms terminated by irregular prisms. There are two varieties of these crystals, differing in magnitude. This salt is very impure by the addition of foreign matters. Mr. Kirwan tells us, that this kind is called brute borax, tincal, or chrysocolla, and that it is in the form of large, flat, hexangular, or irregular crystals, of a dull white or greenish color, greasy to the touch, or in small crystals, as it were cemented together by a rancid yel

lowish oily substance, intermixed with marl, gravel, and other impurities. 3. Borax, Dutch, or purified borax, is in the form of portions of transparent crystals of considerable purity. Pyramids with several facets may be observed among them, the crystallisation appearing to have been interrupted. Its taste is styptic; it converts syrup of violets to a green; and when exposed to heat, it swells up, boils, loses its water of crystallisation, and becomes converted into a porous, white, opaque mass, commonly called calcined borax. A stronger heat brings it into a state of quiet fusion; but the glassy substance thus afforded, which is transparent, and of a greenish-yellow color, is soluble in water, and effloresces in the air. It requires about eighteen times its weight of water to dissolve it at the temperature of sixty degrees of Fahrenheit; but water at the boiling heat dissolves three times this quantity. Its component parts, according to Kirwan, are, boracic acid thirty-four, soda seventeen, water forty-seven.

Borax serves as a flux to vitrifiable earths, with which it forms a good glass, and is employed in making artificial gems. It vitrifies clay, but much less completely than siliceous earths; and from this property it adheres to the inside of crucibles, and glazes them. The acid of borax, as well as the borax in substance, is made use of to fuse vitrifiable earths, with which it forms clear and nearly colorless glasses: by the assistance of heat it dissolves the earth precipitated from the liquor of flints. It unites with ponderous earth, magnesia, lime and alkalies, and forms, with different substances, salts distinguished by one general name of borax, though only that formed by the combination of sedative salt and mineral alkali is used in the arts. It is used in many other chemical operations as a flux, besides that of glass making; and the dyers also use it for giving a gloss to silks. In medicine it is occasionally given in cardialgia as an antacid. Its solution is in common use as a cooling gargle, and to detach mucus, &c. from the mouth in putrid fever; and mixed with an equal quantity of sugar, it is used in the form of powder to remove the aphthous crust from the tongue in children.

BORBETOMAGUS, in ancient geography, a city of the Vangiones on the Rhine; now called Worms.

BORBONIA, in botany, a genus of the decandria order, and diadelphia class of plants; natural order, thirty-second, caryophylleæ: STIG. emarginated: CAL. spines pointed; the legumen is pointed, There are eight species, all natives of warm countries. They are a kind of broom; and rise to the height of ten or twelve feet, but in Europe seldom above four or five. They must be kept constantly in the stove, and may be propagated by shoots; but as these are generally two years before they put forth roots, the best method is by seeds, which must be procured from their native places.

BORBONICA, in ornithology, a species of motacilla; color grayish; a yellowish gray be neath; quill and tail-feathers brown, edged with gray. This is the ficedula borbonica of Brisson; and the Bourbon warbler of Latham. Inhabiting the islands of Bourbon and Madagascar.

BORBONICUS, a species of turdus, of a cinereous olive color; crown black; abdomen and vent yellow; tail fuscous, with two obsolete bands near the tip. Inhabits the isle of Bourbon. This is the Bourbon thrush of Latham.

BORBONIUS (Nicholas), a French Latin poet of the sixteenth century. He was highly esteemed by the most learned men of his time. His poems were printed in 1540.

BORBORIANI, BORBORITES, in church history, a sect of gnostics, in the second century, who, besides embracing the errors of these heretics, denied the last judgment. Their name comes from BopBopos, filth; on account of a custom they had of daubing their faces and bodies with dirt.

BORBORYGMUS, Booßoovyμos; Greek, a rumbling of the intestines.

BORD HALFPENNY, a small toll by custom paid to the lord of the town for setting up boards, tables, booths, &c. in fairs or markets.

BORD LANDS, the demesnes which lords anciently kept in their hands, for the maintenance of their board or table.

BORD LODE, 1. a service required of tenants, to carry timber out of the woods of the lord to his house: 2. the quantity of provision which the Bordarii, or bordmen, paid for their bord lands.

BORD SERVICE, the tenure of bord lands, by which some lands in certain places are held of the bishop of London, and the tenants now pay sixpence per acre, in lieu of sending provision as formerly for their lords' table.

BORDA (John Charles), a French mathematician and natural philosopher; was born at Dax, in the department of the Landes, 1733. He studied under the Jesuits, who endeavoured to induce him to enter into their order, and was afterwards intended for a civil employment; but, in consequence of his passion for geometry, he was suffered to devote himself to the sciences. In 1756 he laid before the Academy a Memoir on the motion of Projectiles, which procured him admission into that body. The year following he was aide-de-camp to M. de Maillebois at the battle of Hastembeck, and on his return to Paris was employed as inspector of the dock-yards. In this situation he made numerous experiments on the resistance of fluids and the velocity of motion. In 1767 he published a valuable Dissertation on Hydraulic Wheels; and, in 1768, another on the Construction of Water-pumps. He was now appointed sub-lieutenant in the marine, and sent with Pingrè on a voyage of discovery to the South Seas, of which an account was published in 2 vols, 4to. 1778. He afterwards served under count d'Estaing in America, when he discovered many defects in the construction of vessels, which led to some important improvements in naval architecture. He also produced an invention called the Circle of Borda, the first idea of which was given by Meyer. Besides this he was the contriver of the mensuration-rod, for ascertaining new station-lines. He also projected a reform in weights and measures; for whica purpose he published Tables of Lines, at his own expense. One of his last labors was the determination of the length of the pendulum

BORDERS, among florists, the leaves which stand round the middle thrum of a flower.

BORDERS, in gardening, are made to enclose parterres, that they may not be injured by walking in them. Borders are made either circular, straight, or in cants; and are turned into knots, scrolls, volutes, and other compartments. They are rendered very ornamental by the flowers, shrubs, yews, &c. that are raised in them. They are always laid with a sharp rising in the middle; to render them more agreeable to the eye: the largest are allowed five or six feet, and the smallest commonly four.

BORDERS, OF BORDURES, in heraldry, are either plain or indented as in fig. 1 vert; a bordure indented, argent. Borders are charged in the same manner as the field; thus a border Fig. 1. Fig. 2.

It will best appear in the bores of wind instruments; therefore cause pipes to be made with a single, double, and so on, to a sextuple bore; and mark what tone every one giveth. Id.

But Capys, and the graver sort, thought fit The Greeks' suspected present to commit To seas or flames; at least, to search and bore The sides, and what that space contains to' explore. Denham.

Into hollow engines long and round, Thick rammed, at the' other bore with touch of fire Dilated, and infuriate.

Nor southward to the raining regions run; But boring to the west, and hovering there, With gaping mouths they draw prolific air.

Milton.

Dryden.

analuron consists of birds, as in fig. 2. He beareth, argent; a bordure, vert; enaluron of martlets, or; so borders enuercy composed of beasts; verdoy, of vegetables; entoyer, of inanimate things. BORD'RAGINGS. Probably ravages committed on the borders.

Long time in peace his realm established,
Yet oft annoy'd with sundry bordragings
Of neighbour Scots, and foreign scatterlings.

Spenser.

BORDUNI, or BORDONE (Paris), an excellent Italian painter, born at Venice about 1512. He was the disciple of Titian; but has been admired more for the delicacy of his pencil, than for the truth of his outlines. For Francis I. of France, he drew not only abundance of history pieces, but the portraits of several court ladies, in so fine a manner, that original nature was hardly more charming. He died in 1587, aged sevety-five. BORE', v. & n.? Ang.-Sax. borian. WachSter and Skinner think the Greek, pav, to pierce; whence the Lat. forare, to bore, is the parent of this word; to pierce; to

BOʻRER.

penetrate through; to make a hollow, or a cavity through; to push forwards towards a certain Joint. Metaphorically, to teaze by ceaseless repetition; like the unvarying continued action of

a borer.

BORE (Catharine de), wife of Luther, the celebrated reformer, was the daughter of a pri

vate gentleman, and was born about A. D. 1499. Having been early immured in the monastery of Nimptschen, she left it, along with other eight nuns in 1523, during the bustle of the holy week, and was married to Luther in 1526. On these accounts the Catholic writers raised many calumnies against her, from which Mr. Bayle has very completely vindicated her; and points out numberless mistakes of Varillas and others concerning her. He gives her an excellent character, and mentions, that Luther was satisfied so with his choice, that he said, he would not change his condition for the wealth of Croesus.' She bore him five children, and survived him a few years. She died at Torgau in 1552, aged fifty-three.