BOOKSELLERS' MARKS. An acquaintance with marks, on the title pages of books, is of some use; because many ancient books have no other designation either of printer, bookseller, or even city. The anchor is the mark of Raphelengius at Leyden; the same with a dolphin twisted round it, of the Manutii at Venice and Rome; the Arion of Oporinus at Basil; the caduceus, or Pegasus, of the Wecheliuses at Paris and Francfort; the cranes of Cramoisy; the compass of Blantin at Antwerp; the fountain of Vascosan at Paris; the sphere in a balance, of Janson and Blaew at Amsterdam; the lily of the Juntas at Venice, Florence, Lyons, and Rome; the mulberry-tree of Morel at Paris; the olive-tree of the Stephenses at Paris and Geneva, and the Elzevirs at Amsterdam and Leyden; the bird between two serpents, of the Frobeniuses at Basil; the Truth of the Comelins at Heidelberg and Paris; the Saturn of Colinæus; and the printing-press of Badius, Ascensius, &c. BOOK-WORM is an insect of the mite kind, which afterwards becomes a fly, bred from eggs deposited in the month of August in books, especially in the leaves nearest the covers. It s not unlike the mite or blatta found in corn. When the time of its transformation approaches, it seeks to get into the air, and eats through, till it gets to the extremity of the book. The mixture of juice of wormwood and other bitter ingredients in the paste (which is an expedient used by book-binders), is no security to books against book-worms. The best security is from mineral salts, which all insects hate. For this purpose book-binders ought to mix with the paste employed in binding, the salt called arcanum duplicatum, alum, and vitriol. With this precaution books may be preserved from all injury by this mischievous little creature. M. Prediger, in his Instructions to German Book-binders, (Leipsic, 1741,) recommends making paste of starch, instead of flour; and advises to powder slightly the books, their covers, and the shelves on which they stand, with a mixture of powder of alum, and fine pepper; and in the months of March, July, and September, to rub the books with a piece of woollen cloth steeped in powdered alum. BOOʻLY, n. s. An Irish term. All the Tartarians, and the prople about the Caspian Sea, which are naturally Scythians, live in hordes; being the very same that the Irish boolies are, driving their cattle with them, and feeding only Spenser. on their milk and white meats. BOOM', n. s. From Dutch, boom, a tree. In sea language, a long pole used to spread out the clue of the studding sail; and sometimes the clues of the mainsail and foresail are boomed out. A poll with bushes or baskets, set up as a mark to show the sailors how to steer in the channel, when a country is overflown. A bar of wood laid across a harbour, to keep off the enemy. BOOMITES, a kind of agate, of remarkable brightness and transparence, which represents the figures of shrubs, trees, mosses, &c. in the manner of the dendrachates, or mocho-stone. BOON', n. From Sax. bene, a petition. A gift; a grant; a benefaction; a present. Vouchsafe me for my meed but one fair look: A smaller boon than this I cannot beg, And less than this, I'm sure, you cannot give. Shakspeare. That courtier, who obtained a boon of the emperor, that he might every morning whisper him in the ear, self. say nothing, asked no unprofitable suit for him and Bacon. Dort in 1669, was at first a disciple of Arnold BOONEN (Arnold), portrait painter, born at Verbuis, and afterwards of Godfrey Schalcken, with whom he continued six years. The sweetness of his coloring, and the neatness of his touch, with a striking likeness in his portraits, procured him many admirers. He painted subjects by candle light very naturally, and much more of his work was requested than it was possible for him to undertake. He painted Peter the Great of Muscovy; Frederic Ì. of Prussia; the duke of Marlborough, many of the princes of Germany, and most of the noblemen who attended the Czar; but his excessive application, to answer the multitude of his engage Y testaceous. Boops, in zoology, the specific name of the pike-headed whale; Balana boops of Linnæus. It is distinguished by having double spiracles on the snout, and a horny protuberance at the extremity of the back. This is the Jupiter nish of Anderson; the French name it la Jubarte. See BALENA. BOOPTHALMUS, from ẞeç, an ox, and opaλpvc, an eye; a kind of gray agate with large dark blue circles in it, resembling an ox's eye. BOOR', Dutch, boer; Germ. bauier. BOOR'ISH, In Anglo-Saxon it is only found BOOR'ISHLY. in composition, as gebure, a countryman; a ploughman, one who lives by works of husbandry; a tiller of the ground; therefore rustic, uneducated, clownish, coarse, barbarous; the savage of a civilized country. Therefore, you clown, abandon, which is, in the vulgar, leave the society, which, in the boorish, is company of this female. Shakspeare. As You Like It. The bare sense of a calamity is called grumbling; and if a man does but make a face upon the boor, he is presently a malecontent. L'Estrange. BOORHANPOOR, a city of Hindostan, in the Mahratta territories, and the province of Khandesh, of which it was formerly the capital. It stands on the north-west side of the river Tuptee, in lat. 21° 20′ N., long. 76° 20′ E. The town is the chief place of a singular sect of Mahommedans, named Bohrah, or Ismaeeliah, deriving their origin from one of the early followers of the prophet. They spread over all the countries of the Deccan, and carry on an extensive commerce. In Surat there are 6000 families of Bohrahs, and in Oujain 1500. A younger brother of the moullah, or high-priest, resides at Oujain, and exercises both a temporal and spiritual authority over the Bohrahs resident there. This city was taken possession of by the British under Colonel Stevenson in 1803, but was restored at the conclusion of the peace in December. It is much fallen from its former grandeur. Travelling distance from Nagpoor 256, Poonah 288, Bombay 340, and Calcutta, by Nagpoor, 978 miles. BOOROOJIRD, a city of Persia, in the province of Irak, standing on the declivity of a mountain. It is a flourishing place, and belonging to it is a district peopled by an agricultural tribe called Lack. Population 12,000. BOORO, an island in the eastern seas, between the third and fourth degrees of south latitude, and the 126th and 127th of east longitude. In length seventy-five miles, by thirtyeight miles the average breadth. The principal settlement is Cajelli, at the bottom of a gulf of the same name. The Dutch built a stone fort here, which was blown up in 1689; since which they have only had an enclosure of pallisadoes. Buffaloes and rice abound here, also bananas, cocoa-nuts, lemons, citrons, and bitter oranges: it is on this island that the best cajeputa oil is procured. The Chinese trade here for cabinet and different species of dye woods. Part of the inhabitants are Mahommedans, but the interior is inhabited by the aborigines or horaforas, who live dispersed among inaccessible mountains. The south is much infested by the Papuas from New Guinea. BOORS is a distinctive appellation of the peasants of Russia. In the ukases, and other public documents, they are divided into the free and vassal Boors; the former being the link between the burghers and the vassal peasantry. Free Boors must not be alienated or sold, and they possess property,provided they pay the taxes, and perform their tasks of labour to the state, or to their lords. To this class of the Russian people belong foreign colonists, who have settled as husbandmen, as well as the single house owners; as also the Cossacs, Kalmucs, Tartars, and other nomadic tribes, who inhabit the steppes. The vassal Boors are slaves; not only disqualified for possessing property, but entirely, with every branch of their families, at the disposal of their lords, by whom they may be exchanged or sold like any other property. In Little Russia is an intermediate class, attached as a sort of fixed property to the land, from which they can neither be alienated nor sold. The whole peasantry consists of three classes-Crown Boors, Mine Boors, and Private Boors. Dr. Clarke says, "Traversing the provinces south of Moscow, the land appears as the garden of Eden, a fine soil, covered with corn, and apparently smiling in plenty. Enter the cottage of the poor laborer, surrounded by all these riches, and you find him dying of hunger, or pining from bad food, and in want of the common necessaries of life. Extensive pastures, covered with cattle, afford no milk for him. In autumn the harvest yields no bread for his children. The lord claims all the produce. Can there be a more affecting sight than a Russian family having got in an abundant harvest, in want of the common stores to support them, through the rigor of their long and inclement winter!" The late emperor Alexander, though he only gave absolute freedom to the Boors of Courland, will long be remembered for his rational plans of ameliorating the condition of this class generally, by encouraging the diffusion of useful and religious knowledge among them. He also removed the disqualification of a peasant to engage in any business, or carry on any manufacture on his own account, by an Imperial ukase, dated 28th December 1818 (old style); and encouragement is held out to them to avail themselves of this important concession. Estates in Russia are valued by the number of vassals they feed; this human stock being valued at from 200 to 300 rubles each. BOOSHATTER, formerly the city of Utica, famous for the retreat and death of Cato, lies about seven miles inland from Porto Farino in the bay of Tunis. Nothing remains of its ancient grandeur, except part of a large aqueduct, some cisterns, and other ruins, which cover a large extent of ground, and show it to have been a considerable place. The sea came up anciently to this city, though now seven miles distant. BOOSNAH, a town and district of Bengal, formerly the residence of a foujidar. Aboo Turab khan, who held this office about the year 1730, was murdered by Sittaram, a chief of banditti, who was soon after taken, and, with his male followers, impaled alive; the women and children were sold as slaves. The district is rich and well cultivated. The town stands in long. 89° 39′ E., lat. 23° 32′ N. BOOT', v. & n. Ang.-Sax, betan, or botan. Sache evil is not alwaie botelesse; His palmer now shall foot perforce alone. Spenser. Id. God did not suffer him, being desirous of the light of wisdom, with bootless expence of travel, to wander in darkness. Hooker. It shall not boot them, who derogate from reading, to excuse it, when they see no other remedy; as if their intent were only to deny that aliens and stran gers from the family of God are won, or that belief doth use to be wrought at the first in them, without sermons. For what I have, I need not to repeat; And what I want, it boots not to complain. Id. Shakspeare. Thrice from the banks of Wye, Id. Bootless speed, When cowardice pursues, and valour flies. Id. My gravity, Wherein, let no man hear me, I take pride, Canst thou, O partial sleep, give thy repose Id. His conscience is the hue and cry that pursues him; and when he reckons that he has gotten a booty, he has only caught a Tartar. L'Estrange. He might have his mind and manners formed, and be instructed to boot in several sciences. Locke. Pope. What boots the regal circle on his head, His bootes souple, his hors in gret estat, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales Swift. Bishop Wilkins says he does not question but it will be as usual for a man to call for his wings, when he is going a journey, as it is now to call for his boots. Addison's Guardian BOOT, among the ancient Romans, was called ochrea; and by middle age writers, greva, gamberia, bainberga, bembarga, or benberga. The boot is said to have been the invention of the Carians. It was at first made of leather, afterwards of brass or iron; whence Homer calls the Greeks brazen-booted, The boot was used by the foot, as well as by the horsemen. It only covered half the leg; some say the right leg, which was more advanced than the left, it being advanced forwards in an attack with the sword; but in reality it appears to have been used on either leg, and sometimes on both. Those who fought with darts or other missile weapons, advanced the left leg foremost, so that this only was booted. BOOT, Bordekin, a mode of torture used to extort confession. A boot, stocking, or buskin of parchment, being put on the leg moist, and brought near the fire, in shrinking squeezes the leg violently, and occasions intolerable pain. There is also another kind of boot, consisting of four thick strong boards bound round with cords; two of these are put between the criminal's legs, and the two others placed one on the outside of one leg, and the other on the other; then, squeezId. ing the legs against the boards by the cords, the criminal's bones are severely pinched, and sometimes even broken. BOOTAN, a considerable region of northern Hindostan, lying between Bengal and Thibet, and principally between the 26th and 28th degrees of north latitude. It is supposed to be 200 miles from east to west, and ninety miles from north to south. It is mountainous, and in many parts extremely cold, but highly cultivated and productive. Situated without the tropics, it is free from the periodical rains; and the climate is in general favorable to both European and Asiatic fruits. The forests also produce fine firs and other timber. The deb or deu rajah, who resides at Tassisudon, is tributary to the lama of Thibet. The principal towns are Tassisudon, Poonakha, Wandipore, Ghassa, and Murrichom. The inhabitants are robust and fair. of the Boodh religion. Most of the laborious duties of life are performed by the women. Their houses are in general of one story, but the palace of the rajah is a lofty pile. The glandular swelling of the throat, commonly found in mountainous districts, is very frequent here. Bootan produces a hardy breed of horses called tangans; they are in general pyebald, and about thirteen hands high. Numbers are brought annually to Rungpore, loaded with the produce of their own country, and of Thibet and China. The district is supplied with silk from Bengal, and with tea from China; of this herb they are excessively fond. The government is very jealous of a free intercourse with Bengal, requiring passports from all travellers; and boast that they were never invaded by the Mahommedans or Chinese. Their customs approach to those of the Birmans or inhabitants of Ava. BOOTES, a constellation of the northern hemisphere, consisting of twenty-three stars according to Ptolemy's catalogue, of eighteen in Tycho's, of thirty-four in Bayer's, of fifty-two in Hevelius's, and of fifty-four in Flamstead's catalogue; one of which, in the skirt of his coat, is Arcturus, a star of the first magnitude. Bootes is represented as a man walking, and grasping a club in his right hand, and is fabled to have been Icarius, who was transported to heaven because he was a great cultivator of the vine; for when Bootes rises, the vine begins to shoot. BOOTH', n. s. Dut. boed; Welsh, bwth. A house built of boards, or boughs, to be used for a short time. the fair. The clothiers found means to have all the quest made of the northern men, such as had their booths in Camden. Much mischief will be done at Bartholomew Fair by the fall of a booth. Swift. Booths sudden hide the Thames, long streets appear, And numerous games proclaim the crowded fair. Gay BOOTH (Barton), a famous tragedian, born in Lancashire in 1681, and educated at Westminster, under the celebrated Dr. Busby. He was intended for the church, but his success in the Latin plays, commonly performed by the scholars, gave him an inclination for the stage; and, absconding from school, he went to Dublin, and commenced actor. His first appearance was in the part of Oroonoko, in which he received great approbation. From this time he continued improving; and, after two successful campaigns, returned to his native country. Having, by letter, reconciled himself to his friends, he obtained a recommendation from Lord Fitzharding to Mr. Betterton, who gave him all the assistance in his power. The first part he appeared in at London was that of Maximus in Lord Rochester's Valentinian, wherein his reception exceeded his most sanguine expectations. His performance of Artaban, in Rowe's Ambitious Stepmother, established his reputation. In Pyrrhus, in the Distressed Mother, he shone without a rival. But he was indebted to a happy coincidence of merit and chance, for that height of fame which he at length attained in the character of Cato, as drawn by Addison in 1712. For this being considered as a party play, the Whigs, in favor of whose principles it was evidently written, thought it their duty strongly to support it, while the Tories, unwilling to have it considered as a reflection on their administration, were still more vehement in their approbation. They made a collection of fifty guineas in the boxes during the performance, and presented them to Mr. Booth. He also received an equal sum from the managers, in consideration of the great success of the play. Nor were these the only advantages he reaped from his success; for Lord Bolingbroke soon after procured a special licence from queen Anne, recalling all the former ones, and nominating Mr. Booth as joint manager at Drury-lane with Wilks, Cibber, and Dogget. In 1704 Mr. Booth had married a daughter of Sir William Barkham, Bart. who died in 1710, without issue. In 1719 he married the celebrated Miss Hester Santlow, a woman of a most amiable disposition, whose great merit as an actress, added to the utmost discretion and prudential œconomy, had enabled her to save a considerable fortune. During the twenty years in which Mr. Booth continued a manager, the theatre was in the greatest credit; and his death, which happened on the 10th of May 1753, contributed not a little to its decline. He wrote a dramatic work, entitled Dido and Æneas; and a superior Latin inscription to the memory of Mr. William Smith, an actor. BOOTH (Henry), earl of Warrington, was born in 1651, and member for Chester in several parliaments during the reign of Charles II. Being a zealous Protestant, he was active in promoting the bill for excluding the duke of York from the throne. This, with his vigorous and constant Opposition to the arbitrary measures then prevailing, rendered him so very obnoxious to the court, that in 1684 (soon after his becoming Lord Delamere, by the death of his father), he was committed close prisoner to the tower, and though liberated soon after, he was committed a second and third time in 1685; at last, in Jan. 1686, he was tried for high treason; but in spite of all the efforts of the court and the bloody Jefferies, was acquitted by his jury. After this, he lived retired till matters ripened for the Revolution, to which he contributed by raising forces, and every other means in his power. Upon its acconsplishment, he was made a privy counsellor, |