freedom, and is left more completely to tell its own tale. Cp. 3. II and 3. 27.

Several MSS., including V and A (B omits Odes 2-6), wrote this Ode continuously with the Second; and Porphyrion, noticing the question, decides that they manifeste cohaerent.' The authority of the MSS. on the point (see Introd. to 1. 7) is weakened by the fact that the same ones join 2. 15 and 16, evidently wrongly. Ode 2 has no unity which would be injured by a closer connection with 3, and the topic of its last two stanzas is not alien to the praise of justice and constancy. Porphyrion is inclined to press too hard the connection between the six Odes; see note to Od. 3. 4. I.

Line 3. voltus, as rò σòv deiσas прóσапоν, Soph. O. T. 448. 4. mente, is the ablative of the part affected.

solida, 'rock-like'; the metaphor is interpreted in Sen. de Consol. Sap. 3 Quemadmodum proiecti in altum scopuli mare frangunt ita sapientis animus solidus est.' Simonides' TETрáyavos ávev þóyov, which the commentators, including Orelli, quote, is not in point, for it refers to the perfection, not as this does to the firmness, of the wise man's mind. ['Whole as the marble, founded as the rock.']

5. dux, as arbiter Hadriae,' 1. 3. 15.

turbidus, the captain is as disorderly as his crew.

7. orbis seems to mean 'the round sky'; cp. 1. 16. 11 'nec saevus ignis, nec tremendo Iuppiter ipse ruens tumultu,' Theogn. 869 év poi ἔπειτα πέσοι μέγας οὐρανὸς εὐρὺς ὕπερθεν, Lucan 2. 290, in the same connection as this, 'Sidera quis mundumque velit spectare cadentem Expers ipse metus? quis quum ruit arduus aether.. Complosas tenuisse manus'?

9-15. Cp. Epp. 2. 1. 5-12 Romulus et Liber pater et cum Castore Pollux,' &c., where Augustus is ranked with the same mythological benefactors of mankind, but distinguished from them as having received his apotheosis in his lifetime, while theirs was delayed by envy till after their death. See also the comments passed (Tac. Ann. 4. 38) on Tiberius' refusal to accept divine honours, ‘Optimos quippe mortalium altissima cupere; sic Herculem et Liberum apud Graecos, Quirinum apud nos deum numero additos.'

9. arte, cp. veteres artes,' 4. 15. 12.

vagus, поλúλауктоя, Virg. Aen. 6. 801 Nec vero Alcides tantum telluris obivit,' where note that the travels of Hercules and Bacchus are mentioned to be compared with the progress of Augustus in the East.

10. enisus, so the best MSS. (including V) against innisus.' It is the usual word for struggling upwards, as Virg. G. 2. 360, of the climbing vine.

10. arces igneas, for the meaning of 'arces' see on 2. 6. 22: igneas,' 'starry,' as Horace calls the stars ignes,' Od. 1. 12. 47; Ovid's 'siderea arx,' Am. 3. 10. 21.

attigit, see on 1. 3. 10.

12. purpureo ore, as 'roseo ore' of Venus, Virg. Aen. 2. 593; though attributed to only one feature, it implies the halo of rosy light which surrounds the beatified Augustus. Candidus insuetum miratur limen

Olympi,' Virg. E. 5. 56, of the apotheosis of Daphnis.

bibit, al. 'bibet.' The MSS. are fairly divided. Of the Scholiasts, Acr. interprets the future. Porph., though his lemma has the present, does not indicate the tense in his interpretation. Either reading is intelligible. If we accept 'bibet' Horace will represent a place as already prepared at the banquet of the gods and waiting for Augustus, as Virgil, G. 1. 24 foll. Tuque adeo quem mox quae sint habitura deorum Concilia incertum est,' &c. Virgil's 'mox' (see Conington in loc.) and "Iampridem nobis caeli te regia, Caesar, Invidet,' G. 1. 503, may answer the objection raised to the future by Orelli, that the mention of death, even under the form of a promise of immortality, would not be a pleasing compliment. The stress is laid on the deification; death, as a necessary preliminary, is lost to sight. 'Bibit,' however, which makes Augustus a praesens deus,' already living on earth the life of a god, is more in accordance with Horace's usual language; see especially Od. 4. 5. 31-36, and the passage already quoted from Epp. 2. 1. 15 foll. 'Praesenti tibi maturos largimur honores Iurandasque tuum per nomen ponimus aras.' It is more likely also to have been altered, as the more extravagant, especially to ears familiar with the Christian conception of life after death. But Horace's own transfiguration in Od. 2. 20, and the beatification given by the Muse to Romulus and Hercules and the Dioscuri in 4. 8 are metaphors of fame, not forms of a future life.

14. vexere, evidently, from the context, in his triumphal ascent to heaven. Compare Propertius' account (3. 17. 8) of the apotheosis of Ariadne, Lyncibus in caelum vecta Ariadna tuis.' The tamed tigers are not only an ornamental appendage, they are emblems of the civilizing labours, his 'just purpose firmly kept,' whereby he merited deification. These are recognized also probably in the 'pater,' although this was a common address to the Roman gods. Cp. Od. 1. 18. 6, Epod. 2. 22, Epp. 1. 16. 59, 2. 1. 5, and see Conington on Virg. G. 2. 4.

15. Quirinus. For the story of his translation see Ovid, Fast. 2. 481 foll.

17. The gods are represented as sitting in council on the question whether Romulus shall be admitted to their number. Juno, to the pleasure of all, assents.

18. Ilion, Ilion, 'It was Troy that I hated, and Troy is destroyed.'

19. fatalis (cp. Aúσnapıs—Alvónapis), 'doom-fraught.' epithets are meant to have a close connection.

The two

iudex, 'manet alta mente repostum Iudicium Paridis,' Virg. Aen. 1. 26. The epithet 'incestus' is fitly applied to him as 'iudex,' inasmuch as his judgment was determined by Venus' promise, Tv & vno' ñ ol πάρε μαχλοσύνην ἀλεγεινήν, Hom. Il. 2.4. 30.

20. mulier peregrina. There is a scornful emphasis in the manner in which Juno refuses to name Helen or Paris.

vertit in pulverem, reduced to dust, Gr. åμabúveiv, as Hom. II.

9.593.

21. ex quo, construct 'damnatum ex quo,' &c. The sentence was passed at the time of Laomedon's fraud; it was executed in Priam's time; so the 'dux' of v. 24 must be Laomedon. For the story of his cheating Apollo and Neptune of their bargained wages for building the walls of Troy see Hom. Il. 23. 442 foll.

22. mercede pacta, an abl. absol., 'promised them wages and then failed them'; or it may be as Forc. takes it, after the analogy of the ablative with 'fraudare,' e. g. 'praeda,' Liv. 2. 42.

mihi damnatum = 'addictum,' given over for punishment, as Virg. Aen. 4. 699 Stygioque caput damnaverat Orco.' Bentley wished to read 'damnatam' against the MSS., as 'obsessam Ilion' is found in Epod. 14. 14, and he is followed by Lachmann and Ritter. But we have 'Ilio relicto' in Od. 1. 10. 14, and 'Ilion' is a nom. in Ov. Met. 6. 95. 23. castae, 'bene autem ". 'castae," quia "incestus iudex," dixerat.'

Acr.

24. fraudulento; the epithet is meant for people and prince alike. 'Laomedonteae periuria Troiae,' Virg. G. 1. 502; cp. Aen. 4. 541. 25-28. Paris, the cause of the war, and Hector, the bulwark of Troy, are dead.

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25. adulterae, probably the dative with 'splendet,' adorns himself for the eyes of'; 1. 5. 4 'cui religas comam.' With splendet' cp. Hom. Il. 3. 392 κάλλει τε στίλβων καὶ εἴμασιν.

26. famosus, infamous,' as in Sat. 1. 4. 5.

hospes, the relation that gave its chief infamy to Paris' crime, ᾔσχυνε ξενίαν τράπεζαν κλοπαῖσι γυναικός, Aesch. Αg. 401.

28. refringit, breaks their onset, turns. 'Danai.. decimum quos distulit Hector in annum,' Virg. Aen. 9. 154.

29. ductum, as 'trahere bellum,' Sall. Jug. 64; 'prolonged by our quarrels,' 'seditio' in the sense of σráois.

30. protinus, 'this moment, and from henceforth.'

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31. nepotem, Romulus is the grandson of Juno as the son of Mars; his birth is a fresh grievance besides the graves irae' against his Trojan ancestry.

32. Juno will not name Rea Silvia; see on vv. 19, 20. There is probably additional scorn in the close conjunction of peperit'— 'sacerdos' (= 'a vestal,' as in Virg. Aen. 1. 273 'regina sacerdos Marte gravis'), and in the epithet 'Troica,' as if it meant not merely of Trojan blood,' but a true Trojan.'

33. Marti occupies the place of emphasis as stating in one word the consideration which induces her to forego the resentment which had such full grounds. Compare the balancing of the sentence in 2. 8. 1-5 with note.

redonabo, a word only found in Horace, Od. 2. 7. 3. It is here used in the same sense as 'condonare' in Caesar Bell. Gall. 1. 21 Dumnorigem Divitiaco fratri se condonare dicit,' i. e. Dumnorigi ignoscere propter fratrem.

illum ego, both emphatic. It would not be strange that any other of the gods should consent to the admission of Romulus, nor that Juno should consent to the admission of any but one of that hateful parentage.

34. ducere, the variation of reading between 'ducere' and 'discere' is as old as the Pseudo-Acr. and Porph., the former of whom interprets 'propinare-potare,' the latter' assuescere saporibus nectaris.' A slight preponderance of MSS. is in favour of 'discere,' B omitting the Ode, and no testimony existing to the reading of V. Ducere' is the simpler; it is a common Horatian word, as with 'pocula,' Od. 1. 17. 22, 'Liberum,' 4. 12. 14, &c.

35. adscribi ordinibus, 'adscribere civitati,' Cic. pro Arch., ‘urbanae militiae,' Tac. Hist. 2. 94. It may be doubted how far any distinct metaphor is felt in ordinibus,' whether a muster-roll, or the seats of the Council-hall.

quietis, a touch of the Epicurean doctrine of Sat. 1. 5. 101; cp. ea cura quietos sollicitat,' Virg. Aen. 4. 379.

37. longus, saeviat, imply that the sea which flows between them must be dissociabilis.'

38. exsules, the banished Trojans, and provided they do not break their banishment. Dictum sane videtur cum leni quadam despicientia,' Orell. The emphasis is really on the one thing that she cares for, viz. that Troy and Troy's manners should have an end. This is brought out equally by the half contemptuous way in which she speaks of the fate of the 'exiles' in comparison with that of their old home, and by the grandeur of the destiny which she is willing to allow them if this one proviso is attended to.

40. Priami.. busto. The Commentators remind us that according to Virgil, Aen. 2. 567, Priam did not actually receive sepulture.

41. insultet, émiσкiρтâ, émioрwake. Although the word is used in its proper sense, there is still a feeling of its tropical sense; to 'leap upon'

a grave being a mode of 'insulting' the memory of its tenant, Hom. II. 4. 177 τύμβῳ ἐπιθρώσκων Μενελάου κυδαλίμοιο. Compare with Juno's words the actual description of the Troad in Lucan 9. 966 foll.

42. Capitolium, the pledge and emblem of Rome's eternity, 1. 37. 6, 3. 5. 12, 3. 30. 8.

43. fulgens, with 'stet.' It seems to be opposed to the waste grassgrown ruins of Troy. Cp. Virg. 8. 348 Capitolia. . Aurea nunc olim silvestribus horrida dumis.'

triumphatis, Virg. G. 3. 33 'triumphatas gentes,' Aen. 6. 837. possit, be mighty to.' Orelli quotes Tibull. 1. 7. 3 'Aquitanas qui posset fundere gentes.' It exalts the greatness of the feat.

44. ferox, as it were, at the sword's point'; but the two epithets 'triumphatis,' 'ferox,' are antithetical, contrasting the attitude of the two peoples. Cp. 'Latium ferox,' 1. 35. 10.

Medis, the peoples of the East, 2. 1. 31, but with special thought of the Parthians; see on I. 2. 22.

45. late, with 'horrenda,' as 'late tyrannus,' 3. 17. 9, 'populum late regem,' Virg. Aen. 1. 21.

46. medius liquor, ‘the intervening water,' 'venit medio vi pontus,' Virg. Aen. 3. 417; the Straits of Gibraltar are meant. They stand for the West as the Nile for the East.

49-52. Only the gold unfound, and so the better placed while earth hides it, let her fortitude be shown in spurning rather than in gathering with a hand that snatches for mortal uses all that is sacred.'

50. fortior' dum fortior sit.' It is a question whether this condition grammatically qualifies the 'extendat' of the preceding stanza, or the 'tanget' of the following one. It is better, perhaps, to take it with the former, as the latter matches more closely with the condition laid down in v. 57 foll. Let her name be known in all shores from East to West, only as the despiser of gold, not as the greedy searcher for it. Let her go to the world's end, to the tropics and the pole, only not to Troy.' This stanza seems to confirm the view that Horace, under the talk of Troy, is thinking of real moral dangers of his country.

51. humanos in usus must be taken with 'rapiente,' as it is antithetical to 'sacrum,' 'cogere' to 'spernere.'

53-56. Whatever bounds have been set to the world she shall reach them with her arms, and rejoice to see with her own eyes in what quarter fiery heat revels unchecked, in what quarter the mists and dews of rain.' The great majority of MSS. read 'tanget' as against the vulg. 'tangat'; and there is some force in Juno's grudging assent passing into a distinct prophecy (cp. ‘fata dico,' v. 57) of Rome's greatness, provided only as before that her condition is observed.

54. visere, of seeing as a sight. Cp. Od. 2. 15. 3.