OBS. 7.-An Infinitive Phrase used Adjectively, may be the Adjunct of

1. The Subject of a Sentence.

"A constant PURPOSE to excel marked his whole career."

2. The Object of a Sentence.

William has made EFFORTS to improve in speaking.

3. The Object of a Phrase.

"He arrived in TIME to give his vote."

4. A Substantive in Predicate.

That is the BUSINESS next to be done.

OBS. 8.—An Infinitive Phrase used Adverbially, may be the Adjunct of

1. A Verb in Predicate.

William EXPECTS to obtain the prize.

Will you ALLOW me to place this in diagram?

2. An Adjective in Predicate.

We are READY to depart.

3. An Adverb.

We were Too late to take the cars.

OBS. 9.-—The Infinitive, like other Phrases, is sometimes independent in construction.

EXAMPLE.-And, to be plain with you, I think you the more unreasonable of the two.

OBS. 10.-The Infinitive Phrase often follows the Words as and than. EXAMPLES.-1. “ An object so high as TO BE INVISIBLE.”

2. "He said nothing farther than TO GIVE an apology for

his vote."

REM. In the above and similar examples, as and than are to be regarded as Prepositions, having for their objects the Infinitive Phrases following. In like manner it sometimes follows other Prepositions. EXAMPLE-We are about TO RECITE. (See Obs. 6, above.)

PREPOSITIONS.

RULE 12.-A Preposition shows a relat to the word which its Phrase qualifies.

OBS. 1.-The Object of a Preposition may be

OBS. 2.-A Word, a Phrase, or a Sentence, being the sition, is, in its office, Substantive.-(See "departure," quickly," "gaining time," and "live for ever," in the E

OBS. 3.-Words which follow Prepositions as their are Nouns or Pronouns, and commonly have the Object REM.-For Exceptions, see p. 172.

OBS. 4.-But Words commonly used as Adjectives o become Objects of Prepositions, and are then properly stantives, in the Objective Case.

EXAMPLES.-1. "He has faded from earth like a star f 2. John is a friend or mine.

3. "As yet the trembling year is unconfir

OBS. 5.-Scholars often find it difficult to determine term of a relation expressed by a Preposition-examples s in which the relation of the Object of a Preposition seen to any word, but to the whole Sentence. Generally, how tion can be settled by ascertaining which word is qualified introduced by a Preposition-that word is the Antece relation.

EXAMPLE. "A flood or glory bursts FROM all the skies."

ion of its

Ford

e of

and

ase

REM.-Here the Phrase "of glory" specifies "flood;" hence "flood" is the Antecedent term of the relative expressed by "of"; and the Phrase is Adjective.

"From all the skies" modifies "bursts"; hence "bursts" is the Antecedent term; and the Phrase is Adverbial.

OBS. 6.-Double Prepositions are sometimes allowed.

EXAMPLES.-1. Out of every grove the voice of pleasure warbles."
2. "There can be no question as to which party must

yield."

OBS. 7.-But two Prepositions should not be used, when one of them will fully express the sense intended.

EXAMPLES.-1. "Near to this dome is found a path so green.”—Shenstone. 2. "Not for to hide it in a hedge.”—Burns.

OBS. 8.-POSITION.-The proper place for a Preposition is (as its name implies) before the Phrase which it introduces.

EXAMPLES.--1. "IN dread, IN danger, and alone,

Famished and chilled THROUGH ways unknown."

OBS. 9.-But, by the poets, it is often placed after its Object.
EXAMPLE." From peak to peak, the rattling crags AMONG,
Leaps the live thunder."

OBS. 10. And sometimes in colloquial style.

EXAMPLE." You will have no mother or sister to go to.”—Abbott.
REM. This idiom is inelegant, and not to be recommended.

OBS. 11.-A Preposition commonly indicates the office of the Phrase which it introduces.

EXAMPLE.-See page 160.

OBS. 12.-Many words commonly used as Prepositions, are sometimes employed, not as Elements of Phrases, but as Word Elements in Sentences. These are commonly Adverbs.

EXAMPLES.-1. "Come on, my brave associates."

2. "Lift up thy voice like a trumpet."

3. " Down, down, the tempest plunges on the sea,

4. And the mad waves rise up to buffet it."

NOTE I.-Care should be exercised in the choice of Prepositions.

OBS 13. The particular Preposition proper to introduce a given Phrase depends

1. Usually on the word which the Phrase is to qualify.

2. Sometimes on the Object of the Phrase.

12*

OBS. 14.-When the second term of a Comparison is expressed by ▲ Phrase

After a Superlative, the Preposition of is commonly used. After a Comparative, the Preposition than is commonly used. EXAMPLES.-Grammar is the most interesting of all my studies.

Grammar is more interesting than all my other studies. OBS. 15.-When the second term of a Comparison of equality is a Noun or a Pronoun, the Preposition as is commonly used-sometimes like is used.

EXAMPLES.-1. "He hath died to redeem such a rebel as me.”— Wesley 2. "An hour LIKE this, may well display the emptiness

of human grandeur."

OBS. 16. Some writers improperly substitute the words for and with

for as.

EXAMPLE." It implies government of the very same kind WITH THAT which a master exercises over his servants."--Bp. Butler.

OBS. 17.-A Preposition and its Subsequent constitute a Phrase, generally constituting an Adjective or an Adverbial Adjunct.

EXAMPLES.

Adjective Element.-1. "The KING of Shadows loves a shining mark." Adverbial Element.-2. "Time SLEPT on flowers, and LENT his glass to Hope."

REM. 1.-The Prepositional Phrase is rarely used as a Substantive Element in a Sentence.-(See CLARK'S ANALYSIS, p. 115.)

REM. 2.--In the analysis of a Sentence, a Phrase contained in it is to be parsed, first, as one distinct element in the structure of its Sentence; then the Phrase is to be analysed, and each of its distinct Eleinents pointed out. (See p. 185.)

CONJUNCTIONS.

RULE 13.-Conjunctions connect Words, Phrases, and Sentences.

EXAMPLES.

Words.....1. "In the beginning, God created the HEAVEN and the EARTH.” Phrases....2. "To GIVE GOOD GIFTS and TO BE BENEVOLENT, are often dif ferent things."

Sentences...3. "Thou art perched aloft on the beetling crag,
And the waves are white below."

OBS. 1.- Words connected by Conjunctions have a similar construction.
EXAMPLES.-1. "God created the heaven AND the earth."

66

2. Time slept on flowers, AND lent his glass to Hope." 3. "A great AND good man has fallen."

REM.-"Heaven" and "earth" are alike Objects of "created.”— "Slept" and "lent" are Predicates of "Time."-"Great" and " describe "man."

good"

OBS. 2.—But they have not necessarily similar modifications. EXAMPLE." Every teacher has AND must have his own particular way of imparting knowledge."-McElligott.

REM." Has" and "must have" are Predicate of "teacher"-but they are not of the same Mode.

OBS. 3.-Phrases and Sentences used as Elements in the structure of Principal Sentence, have a similar construction, when connected by Conjunctions.

EXAMPLES.-1. "He served his country in the cabinet AND in the field." 2. "To eat AND to sleep, constitute the sum of his employ

ments."

3. "While I am his AND he is mine,

I'm ever safe from ill."

OBS. 4.-But Conjunctions may introduce Principal Sentences, with out connecting them to any Word or Sentence in construction.

EXAMPLES.-1. "And who says this?"

2. "That I have taken this old man's daughter is most true."

3. “And I am glad that he has lived thus long."