period rushed on his mind, would give vent to his feelings in his mother tongue. Mr. Laing makes Tyrker speak Turkish, such being, in his opinion, the signification of the Icelandic adjective thyrskr.- See Laing's "Heimskringla," vol. iii. p. 349. The learned Schöning, who first conceived this notion, gives it as a mere conjecture: "Incertus sum," he says, "quomodo illud á thyrsku, Latine reddam, linguane Theutonica, an Turcica?"-See Schöning's edit. of the Heimskringla, Copenh. 1777, vol. i. p. 310, note c. Mr. Rafn has satisfactorily shown that thyrskr means German.-See Antiq. Am. p. 35, note a, and p. 28, note a.

(5.) We shall find that Helluland, Markland, and Vinland, or the three lands of stone, of wood, and of the vine, always occur in succession to the Northmen holding a south-west course from Greenland. This circumstance alone, even if unsupported by collateral evidence, would be sufficient to show that the countries so designated were respectively the projecting lands of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New England, about Massachusetts. Mr. Laing finds, however, that in the account of the details upon which so much has been built up by modern antiquaries, we find no such consistency, credibility, or external evidence of truthfulness. Leif and his successors, Karlsefne and others, arrive in Vinland in spring-say, in May, June, or July. In what climate or part of the world are grapes to be found in those months? Do vines, or wheat, or corn of any kind grow spontaneously in those countries? This is a question by no means satisfactorily ascertained." "All the geographical speculations upon the sites and localities of the Vinland of the Northmen, built upon the natural products of the land, fall to the ground."* This, at first view, appears to be marvellously conclusive; but Mr. Laing will find by referring to the Saga, that although Leif and his companions may probably have arrived in the country some time in May, June, or July, the incident of Tyrker finding grapes is related as having occurred after they had erected their booths, or dwelling-houses, and settled themselves for the winter. Tyrker, therefore, found his grapes precisely in the season when grapes are to be found, viz., in autumn. That vines and corn grow spontaneously in New England is a fact too well attested to be called in question. The island of Martha's Vineyard obHeimskringla. vol. i. p. 168.

places his dearest interest in the idea he entertains and would excite of his courage. He does not willingly confine himself to such occupations as require more assiduity than action, more application of mind than body; because moderate exercise is not sufficient to put his blood and fibres into such a degree of motion as is necessary to his own ease. Hence that distaste for the arts; and, as the passions always endeavour to justify themselves, hence also that contempt and prejudice which represent the profession of the arts as dishonourable. War then becomes the only employment he can exercise with pleasure. The frequent and extreme vicissitudes, the fatigues and dangers attendant on this way of life, are alone able to throw him into those violent and continual agitations his habit of body requires. Now if we suppose after this a whole society composed of such men, to what a degree of emulation must their courage arise? The love of distinction, so natural to all men, having here no other object than personal valour, with what ardour must that quality have been cultivated and cherished! The love of arms becoming thus their ruling and universal passion, would soon characterize their religion, dictate their laws, and, in short, form their prejudices and opinions, which decide every thing among mankind.

But it may be objected, that if the manners and character of the ancient northern people proceeded so much from the climate, as the same cause still operates, why is the effect altered? This is only a specious difficulty. A nation is never solely influenced by climate, except in its infancy; while it is uncultivated and barbarous, it is only guided by instinct; the objects of sense and the modes of living being as yet simple and uniform. When, after some ages, reason has been expanded by experience and reflection, when legislators have arisen, who, either by the native force of genius, or by observing the manners of other nations, have so enlarged their understandings as to perceive the necessity of a change of manners, it is then that a new system of principles combat, and either divide the empire with, or totally triumph the first physical causes. Such was the immediate effect of Christianity in the north, an event which, considered only in a philosophical light, should be ever regarded as the dawn of those happy days which were afterwards to shine out with superior splendour. In effect, this religion, which tended to

over,

R

correct the abuse of licentious liberty, to banish bloody dissensions from among individuals, to restrain robberies and piracy, softening the ferocity of manners, requiring a certain knowledge of letters and history, re-establishing a part of mankind, who groaned under a miserable slavery, in their natural rights, introducing a relish for a life of peace, and an idea of happiness independent of sensual gratifications, sowed the seeds, if I may so speak, of that new spirit which grew to maturity in the succeeding ages, and to which the arts and sciences, springing up along with it, added still more strength and vigour.

But, after all, is it very certain, as the objection supposes, that the climate of Europe has not undergone a change since the times we speak of? Those who have read the ancients with attention, think differently, and conclude, that the degrees of cold are at this time much less severe than they were formerly. This is not a place to enlarge on a subject which might appear foreign to the work. Let it suffice to observe, that the rivers in Gaul, namely, the Loire and the Rhone, were regularly frozen over every year, so that frequently whole armies with their carriages and baggage could march over them. Even the Tiber froze at Rome, and Juvenal says positively that it was requisite to break the ice in winter, in order to come at the water of that river. Many passages in Horace suppose the streets of Rome to be full of ice and snow. Ovid assures us, that the Black Sea was frozen annually, and appeals for the truth of this to the governor of the province, whose name he mentions: he also relates several circumstances concerning that climate, which at present agree only with Norway or Sweden. The forests of Thrace and Pannonia were full of bears and wild boars, in like manner as now the forests of the north. The northern part of Spain was little inhabited for the same cause. In short, all the ancients who mention the climate of Gaul, Germany, Pannonia and Thrace, speak of it as insupportable, and agree that the ground was covered with snow the greatest part of the year, being incapable of producing olives, grapes, and most other fruits. It is easy to conceive that the forests being cleared away, the face of the country better cultivated, and the marshy places drained, the moist exhalations which generate cold, must be considerably lessened, and that the

rays of the sun must have a freer access to warm the earth. The same thing has happened in North America since the Europeans have carried there their accustomed industry. The history of the north leaves us no room to doubt that there have been vast forests cut down, and, by this single means, extensive marshes have been dried up and converted into land fit for cultivation. Without mentioning the general causes which insensibly effect the destruction of forests, it was common to set these on fire in order to procure fertile fields. A king of Sweden was surnamed the wood-cutter, for having grubbed up and cleared vast provinces, and felled the trees with which it was all covered *. Nor were they less cleared away in Norway and Denmark. Thus a change in the climate must long have preceded that in the manners.

What conclusion ought we to draw from all this? If for these fifteen or sixteen centuries, the arts, sciences, industry and politeness have been incessantly advancing in the north of Europe, we cannot but evidently discover three causes of this, which, though different in their natures, have yet been productive of the same effect. The first, is that restlessness natural to the people of all nations, but which acts more forcibly on the inhabitants of Europe, and is ever urging them to exchange their present condition in hopes of a better the second, slower but equally sure, is the change of climate the third, more sensible, more expeditious, but more accidental, is that communication formed between mankind by commerce and religion, and cemented by a thousand new relations; which has, in a short time, transported from the south into the north new arts, manners, and opinions. These three causes have continually operated, and the face of Scandinavia changes daily. It already shines with somewhat more than borrowed lights. Time produces strange revolutions! Who knows whether the sun will not one day rise in the north?

* M. Mallet alludes to the Olaf Tretelgia of the Ynglinga-saga, and the reader will find by referring to page 86, that this so-called king, even if the statement may be relied on, merely cleared a small district, and not "vast provinces," and that the surname of wood-cutter was given him by his enemies, in order to throw ridicule on his proceedings.-ED.

ABOUT a century after the discovery of Iceland, of which an account has been previously given, a Norwegian chieftain named Thorvald, having been banished for homicide, retired thither with his son Eirek, surnamed the Red. Some years afterwards, probably in 982, Eirek was sentenced to three years' exile for a similar offence, and set sail towards the west in quest of a coast that had recently been descried by a Norwegian navigator. His search proved successful, and he landed on a small island, west of Cape Farewell, where he passed the first winter. In the spring he went to survey the mainland, and finding it covered with a pleasing verdure, gave it the name of Grænland, Greenland, saying, that a good name would induce people to settle there. Eirek, when the term of his banishment was expired, returned to Iceland, and, in the year 986, again set sail for Greenland with a number of settlers, and established himself in a place he named Brattahlid, on a creek called after him, Eireksfjörd (Eric's Frith), which soon became a very considerable colony t. Some years

See page 187.

Eireksfjörd is supposed to be the modern Tunnulliorbik in the Julianeshaab district on the eastern coast of Baffin's Bay, in lat. 60° 55'. Brattahlid