With leaping kids, and with the bleating lambs,
And so allays her thirst secure; whiles I

Quench my hot sighs with fleetings of my tears."1

With tragic greatness, from the height of her incurable grief, she throws her gaze on life:

"My glass of life, sweet princess, hath few minutes
Remaining to run down; the sands are spent ;
For by an inward messenger I feel

The summons of departure short and certain.
Of human greatness are but pleasing dreams,
And shadows soon decaying; on the stage
Of my mortality, my youth hath acted
Some scenes of vanity, drawn out at length
By varied pleasures, sweeten'd in the mixture,
But tragical in issue. That remedy

Must be a winding-sheet, a fold of lead,

And some untrod-on corner in the earth."2

Glories

There is no revolt, no bitterness; she affectionately assists her brother who has caused her unhappiness; she tries to enable him to win the woman he loves; feminine kindness and sweetness overflow in her in the depths of her despair. Love here is not despotic, passionate, as in southern climes. It is only deep and sad; the source of life is dried up, that is all; she lives no longer, because she cannot; all go by degrees -health, reason, soul; in the end she becomes mad, and behold her dishevelled, with wide staring eyes, with words that can hardly find utterance. For ten days she has not slept, and will not eat any more; and the same fatal thought continually afflicts her heart, amidst vague dreams of maternal tenderness and happiness 2 Ibid. iii. 5.

1 Ford's Broken Heart, iii. 2.

brought to nought, which come and go in her mind like phantoms:

Sure, if we were all sirens, we should sing pitifully,

And 'twere a comely music, when in parts

One sung another's knell; the turtle sighs
When he hath lost his mate; and yet some say
He must be dead first: 'tis a fine deceit
To pass away in a dream! indeed, I've slept
With mine eyes open, a great while. No falsehood
Equals a broken faith; there's not a hair

Sticks on my head, but, like a leaden plummet,
It sinks me to the grave: I must creep thither;
The journey is not long.

Since I was first a wife, I might have been

Mother to many pretty prattling babes;

They would have smiled when I smiled; and, for certain,

I should have cried when they cried :-truly, brother,

My father would have pick'd me out a husband,

And then my little ones had been no bastards;
But 'tis too late for me to marry now,

I am past child-bearing; 'tis not my fault.

Spare your hand;

Believe me, I'll not hurt it. . . .

Complain not though I wring it hard: I'll kiss it;
Oh, 'tis a fine soft palm !-hark, in thine ear;
Like whom do I look, prithee -nay, no whispering.
Goodness! we had been happy; too much happiness
Will make folk proud, they say.

...

There is no peace left for a ravish'd wife,

Widow'd by lawless marriage; to all memory
Penthea's, poor Penthea's name is strumpeted.
Forgive me; Oh! I faint." 1

She dies, imploring that some gentle voice may sing her

1 Ford's Broken Heart, iv. 2.

a plaintive air, a farewell ditty, a sweet funeral song. I know nothing in the drama more pure and touching.

When we find a constitution of soul so new, and capable of such great effects, it behoves us to look at the bodies. Man's extreme actions come not from his will, but his nature.1 In order to understand the great tensions of the whole machine, we must look upon the whole machine,-I mean man's temperament, the manner in which his blood flows, his nerves quiver, his muscles act: the moral interprets the physical, and human qualities have their root in the animal species. Consider then the species in this case-namely, the race; for the sisters of Shakspeare's Ophelia and Virgilia, Goethe's Clara and Margaret, Otway's Belvidera, Richardson's Pamela, constitute a race by themselves, soft and fair, with blue eyes, lily whiteness, blushing, of timid delicacy, serious sweetness, framed to yield, bend, cling. Their poets

feel it clearly when they bring them on the stage; they surround them with the poetry which becomes them, the murmur of streams, the pendent willow-tresses, the frail and humid flowers of the country, so like themselves:

"The flower, that's like thy face, pale primrose, nor
The azure harebell, like thy veins; no, nor

The leaf of eglantine, whom not to slander,
Out-sweeten'd not thy breath." 2

They make them sweet, like the south wind, which with its gentle breath causes the violets to bend their heads,

1 Schopenhauer, Metaphysics of Love and Death. Swift also said that death and love are the two things in which man is fundamentally irrational. In fact, it is the species and the instinct which are displayed in them, not the will and the individual.

. Cymbeline, iv. 2.

abashed at the slightest reproach, already half bowed down by a tender and dreamy melancholy.1 Philaster, speaking of Euphrasia, whom he takes to be a page, and who has disguised herself in order to be near him, says:

"Hunting the buck,

I found him sitting by a fountain-side,

Of which he borrow'd some to quench his thirst,
And paid the nymph again as much in tears.
A garland lay him by, made by himself,
Of many several flowers, bred in the bay,
Stuck in that mystic order, that the rareness
Delighted me: But ever when he turn'd
His tender eyes upon 'em, he would weep,
As if he meant to make 'em grow again.
Seeing such pretty helpless innocence
Dwell in his face, I asked him all his story.
He told me, that his parents gentle dy'd,
Leaving him to the mercy of the fields,

Which gave him roots; and of the crystal springs,
Which did not stop their courses; and the sun,
Which still, he thank'd him, yielded him his light.
Then he took up his garland, and did show
What every flower, as country people hold,
Did signify; and how all, order'd thus,

Express'd his grief: And, to my thoughts, did read

The prettiest lecture of his country art

That could be wish'd. . . . I gladly entertain'd him,
Who was as glad to follow; and have got

The trustiest, loving'st, and the gentlest boy

That ever master kept."

The idyl is self-produced among these human flowers: the dramatic action is stopped before the angelic sweet

The death of Ophelia, the obsequies of Imogen.

Philaster, L

ness of their tenderness and modesty. Sometimes even the idyl is born complete and pure, and the whole theatre is occupied by a sentimental and poetical kind of opera. There are two or three such plays in Shakspeare; in rude Jonson, The Sad Shepherd; in Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess. Ridiculous titles nowadays, for they remind us of the interminable platitudes of d'Urfé, or the affected conceits of Florian; charming titles, if we note the sincere and overflowing poetry which they contain. Amoret, the faithful shepherdess, lives in an imaginary country, full of old gods, yet English, like the dewy verdant landscapes in which Rubens sets his nymphs dancing:

"Thro' yon same bending plain

That flings his arms down to the main,
And thro' these thick woods, have I run,
Whose bottom never kiss'd the sun
Since the lusty spring began."

"For to that holy wood is consecrate

A virtuous well, about whose flow'ry banks
The nimble-footed fairies dance their rounds,
By the pale moon-shine, dipping oftentimes
Their stolen children, so to make them free
From dying flesh, and dull mortality."

"See the dew-drops, how they kiss
Ev'ry little flower that is;
Hanging on their velvet heads,
Like a rope of christal beads.

See the heavy clouds low falling,

And bright Hesperus down calling
The dead Night from underground."

1 Beaumont and Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i.

1

Toid, il