2 e. If the possessive case, and the noun governing it, are used in the literal sense of the words, and have only one accent, they should be written or printed as a compound, without either apostrophe or hyphen; as, beeswax, craftsmaster, doomsday, hogslard, kinswoman, lambswool (but, if meaning ale mixed with sugar, &c., lamb's-wool, according to Remark 2 c), newspaper, ratsbane, townsman, tradesman.

COMPOUND PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS.

2 f. Compound pronouns have always their parts consolidated; as, yourself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, ownself, ownselves; whoever, whomsoever, whatever, whatsoever. One's self is probably a phrase, and not, as is sometimes written, a compound, oneself or one's-self. I myself is also a phrase, or two words in apposition..

2 g. Compound adverbs are, generally speaking, consolidated; as, altogether, awhile, beforehand, evermore, henceforward, indeed, instead, everywhere, nowhere, nevertheless, somehow, nowise, anywise, likewise, wherewithal, hereupon, whithersoever. But to-day, to-night, to-morrow, are almost universally printed with a hyphen. So also now-a-days; and perhaps such words as inside-out, upside-down. There is a tendency on the part of American printers to spell the words for ever as one continuous compound; but they everywhere occur in the common version of the Bible as a phrase; and, the eye being thus accustomed to their separation, it would probably be better to retain this form. By and by are obviously three words, though sometimes written as a compound.

COMPOUND AND OTHER PHRASES.

2 h. All phrases which are thrown out of their usual order, and, by a strange collocation, put before the nouns which they are made to qualify, should have a hyphen between their parts; as, some out-of-the-world place, a matter-of-fact-looking town, long-loooked-for news, out-of-door business, raw-head-and-bloody-bones stories, the alwayswind-obeying deep, the ever-to-be-honored Chaucer, the half-burnt-through bottom of the saucepan, well-laid-out parks.

2i. When epithets are formed of an adverb ending in ly and of a participle, the two words are usually separated without the hyphen; as, a newly built house, a beautifully formed pen. The reason probably is, that the structure of such adverbs does not easily admit of their junction with the words modified.

2j. When a noun is placed before an adverb or preposition and a participle, these do not make a compound epithet, and should

therefore be written or printed as two words; as, a catalogue well arranged, love ill requited, the place before mentioned.

2 k. Words in phrases should be written and printed separately; as, above all, after all, at second hand, balm of Gilead, cheek by jowl, in any wise (but, without the preposition, and as an adverb, anywise), might and main, rank and file, tit for tat, tooth and nail. Of such phrases, however, as father-in-law, attorney-at-law, commander-inchief, the parts are usually connected by a hyphen.

27. When a compound phrase is formed of two or more words which are severally associated in sense with one term, the primitives should stand apart; as, cannon and musket balls. Were a hyphen inserted between "musket" and "balls," the meaning of the phrase would not be cannon-balls and musket-balls, but cannon, or large guns, and also balls for the musket. The following are additional examples: Household and needle work; land and river travel; a chief or master builder; the watch and 'clock repairing business; a son and daughter in law; second, third, or fourth rate effects. Some would insert a hyphen between the parts of the last compound, and attach it to the disjointed words; as, iron-, cotton-, silk-, print-, and dye-works: but, though more correct, this is a German mode of exhibiting such compounds, with which the English eye is not familiar. All difficulty would be obviated, were the phrases changed into language more grammatical.

2 m. All foreign phrases should be written and printed as they are found in the language from which they are taken; as, "John Sharp, Secretary pro tempore.". "It was a sine qua non, an indispensable condition, that an agreement should be entered into.". "William said in Latin, Vade mecum, Go with me." But such phrases, if they are used before nouns, or have been incorporated into the English language, should follow the common analogy; as, "John was elected pro-tempore Secretary.". "This was a sine-qua

non business.". -"That little book is an excellent vade-mecum."

For further information on this difficult subject, the reader is referred to Mr. Goold Brown's invaluable work, before quoted; from which, while venturing in some respects to differ in opinion, we have derived not a little assistance as to the nature of compounds, and the forms in which they should be presented. But the subject is not exhausted; and he who, with the scholarship and industry of that gentleman, will devote himself to the classification of all the compounds in the language, would perform a good service to a branch of literature which has been sadly neglected.

RULE II.

Prefixes in Derivative Words.

§ I. If a prefix ends with a vowel, and the word with which it is combined begins with a consonant; or if the former ends with a consonant, and the latter begins with a vowel or a consonant, the compound

thus formed should appear as one unbroken word.

§ II. If, however, the prefix ends, and the word to which it is united begins, with a vowel,

both vowels

a. When the prefix ends with a vowel, and is followed by a word beginning also with a vowel, many writers and printers place a diæresis over the latter, instead of a hyphen between them; as, coëval. But this mode of exhibiting derivatives does not seem to accord with the genius of the English language, which, in ordinary composition, dispenses with accentual marks. It would, therefore, probably be better to reserve the use of the diæresis for words containing two vowels separately pronounced, but not capable of being divided, except for the purpose of syllabication and at the end of a line, by the hyphen; as in Beëlzebub, and in borrowed foreign words.

b. The adverbs afore and fore, having now become almost obsolete as separate words, are regarded as mere prefixes; which should, therefore, without regard to accent, be subject to the present rule; as, aforegoing, foredetermined, fore-ordained.· See p. 208, Rem. b.

c. As an exception to the first section of the rule, it is worthy of remark, that a derivative which might be mistaken for a word with the same letters, but a different meaning, should be distin

guished from it by the insertion of a hyphen between its parts. Thus, re-creation, denoting a new creation, is obviously a more appropriate form of this word than recreation, which, besides being differently pronounced, signifies refreshment, or relaxation after toil. Thus, also, a difference exists in meaning and pronunciation between re-collect and recollect; re-form, re-formation, and reform, reformation; which it is necessary to exhibit in corresponding modes. With the exception of such words, the manner of writing derivatives having the prefix re is governed by the rule.

d. Terms or epithets with prefixes of unusual occurrence, particularly if the compounds thus formed have two accents, should be excepted from the operation of the first branch of the rule; as, astro-theology, concavo-convex, deutero-canonical, electro-magnetism.

e. The prefixes of proper names, or words used as such, substantively or adjectively, follow both sections of the rule; as, Antenicene, Antichrist, &c., Antitrinitarian, Pedobaptist, Cisalpine, Transatlantic; Anti-American, Pre-Adamic. But the words Neo-Platonic, AngloSaxon, Scoto-Hibernian, and others of a similar kind, accord in their forms with those referred to in Remark d.

f. Extra is sometimes used as an adjective, and separated from the noun which it qualifies; as, extra pay, extra work. As a prefix in extraordinary, it is not followed by a hyphen, because its last letter (a), though coming before a vowel, is silent in the pronunciation of the word.

g. The letter a, when by a colloquialism it represents one of the prepositions on, in, at, should be united to the following word without a hyphen; as, abed, abegging, aboard, agoing, ahead, apiece.

h. Bi and tri are usually consolidated with the words, or parts of words, to which they are prefixed; as, biennial; triunity, triune.

i. Vicegerency, vicegerent, viceroyal, and viceroyalty are, in accordance with the rule, written each as one word. The other words, of which vice is a prefix, are, by almost universal custom, hyphened; as, vice-president, vice-chancellor, &c.

j. Bi, ante, anti, counter, contra, super, supra, semi, demi, preter, and other common prefixes, are sometimes printed with a hyphen after them; but there seem to be no just grounds for this division, except when two vowels would otherwise come together, or when a dissyllabic prefix ends with the same consonant with which the next portion of a long word begins; as, anti-evangelical, counter-revolution. To make any exceptions besides these, and a few others such as those noticed above, would lead to inextricable confusion.

ORAL EXERCISES.

Show how the Rules and the Remarks (pp. 209-20) apply to the insertion of hyphens in certain words, or to their omission in certain phrases, which occur in the following sentences: —

Better be trampled in the dust than trample on a fellow-creature.
Never put off till to-morrow what you can do to-day.

We have no doubt that instinct is a Heaven-ordained law.
What the nations look for is a loving and life-giving religion.
Keen-eyed revenge is riding round your ranks.

When the wind-god frowns in the murky skies.

O sailor-boy, sailor-boy! peace to thy soul!

He spoke no warrior-word, he bade no trumpet blow.

And soft-eyed cherub-forms around thee play.

The most remarkable winds are those denominated the trade-winds. Many are the advantages of co-operation.

Self-abasement paved the way to villain bonds and despot sway.

Like ocean-weeds heaped on the surf-beaten shore.

Imagination is the truth-seeing and the beauty-seeing power.
Ben Jonson, the great dramatist, was co-eval with Shakspeare.

The silver mines of Mexico and Peru far exceed in value the whole of the European and Asiatic mines.

Man possesses the great privilege of co-operating with his beneficent Creator.

Philosophy will rise again in the sky of her Franklin, and glory rekindle at the urn of her Washington.

There is little of the intellectual or moral in that sort of independence which is the proverbial characteristic of our countrymen.

Would that that noble people were re-instated in all their ancient privileges!

The instincts of multitudes feel afar the gathering earthquake, which is to swallow up caste, privileges, and unjust distinctions. Let your lately formed engagements be fulfilled with perfect good faith.

The shrieks of agony and clang of arms re-echo to the fierce alarms her trump terrific blows.

Illiterate and ill-bred persons are apt to be verbose, contradictory, and loud in conversation.

There is a mother-heart in all children, as well as a child-heart in all mothers.