the Portugueze, notwithstanding "their hatred of them against the English." The next year captain Towerfon brought these men back again; whereupon the negroes fhewed him much kindness. Quickly after this, another inftance of the fame kind occurred, in the cafe of Captain George Fenner, who being on the coaft, with three veffels, was alfo attacked by the negroes, who wounded feveral of his people, and violently carried three of his men to their town. The captain fent a meffenger, offering any thing they defired for the ranfom of his men; but they refufed to deliver them, letting him know," That three weeks before, English not having then any plantations in the Weft Indies, and confequently no occafion for negroes, fuch fhips traded only for gold, elephants teeth, and Guinea pepper. This trade was carried on at the hazard of lofing their fhips and cargoes, if they had fallen into the hands of the Portugueze, who claimed an exclufive right of trade, on account of the feveral fettlements they had made there. In the year 1553, we find Captain Thomas Windham trading along the coaft with 140 men, in three hips, and failing as far as Benin, which lies about 3000 miles down the coast, to take in a load of pepper. Next year John Lock traded along the coaft of Guinea," an English fhip, which came in as far as D'Elmina, when he brought away confiderable quantities of gold and ivory. fpeaks well of the natives, fays, That whoever will "the road, had carried off three "of their people; and that till He they were brought again, they and "would not reftore his men, even deal though they fhould give their "three fhips to release them." It was probable the evil conduct of thefe, and fome other Englishmen, was the occafion of what is mentioned in Hill's Naval Hiftory, viz. "That when Captain Hawkins re"turned from his firft voyage to, "Africa, Queen Elizabeth fent for "him, when the expreffed her con "cern, left any of the African ne with them muft behave civilly, for they will not traffic if ill "ufed." In 1555, William Towerfon traded in a peaceable manner with the natives, who made. complaint to him of the Portugueze, who were then fettled in their caftle at D'Elmina, faying, "They ** were bad men, who made them flaves if they could take them, putting irons on their legs." This bad example of the Portugueze was foon followed by some evil-difpofed Englishmen for the fame Captain Towerfon relates, That in the course of his voyage, "he perceived the natives, near D'Elmina, unwilling to come to him; and that he was at laft ** attacked by them; which he understood was done in revenge for the wrong done them the year before, by one Captain Gainfh, who had taken away the negroe captain's fon, and "three others, with their gold, ** &c. This caufed them to join groes fhould be carried off with-g " out their free confent; which "The declared would be detest"able, and would call down the "vengeance of Heaven upon the "undertakers.' Hawkins made great promifes, which nevertheless he did not perform; for his next voyage to the coaft appears to have been principally calculated to procure negroe flaves, in order to fell them to the Spaniards in the West Indies; which occafioned the fame author to use these remarkable words: "Here began the horrid "practice of forcing the Africans into flavery: an injuftice " and " towns prettily laid out. On "the 25th, being informed by the Portugueze of a town of 66 negroes called Bymba, where "there was not only a quantity "of gold, but an hundred and forty inhabitants, they refolved to attack it, having the Portugueze for their guide; but by "mifmanagement they took but "ten negroes, having feven of "their own men killed, and twen"ty-feven wounded. They then "went farther down the coaft; "when, having procured a num"ber of negroes, they proceeded "to the West Indies, where they "fold them to the Spaniards.' And in the fame Naval Chronicle, at page 76, it is faid, "That "in the year 1567, Francis Drake, "before performing his voyage "round the world, went with "Sir John Hawkins in his ex"pedition to the coaft of Guinea, "where, taking in a cargo of "flaves, they determined to steer " for the Caribbee islands." How Queen Elizabeth fuffered fo grievous an infringement of the rights of mankind to be perpetrated by her fubjects, and how he was perfuaded, about the 30th year of her reign, to grant patents for carrying on a trade from the north part of the river Senegal, to an hundred leagues beyond Sierra Leona, which gave rife to the prefent African company, is hard to account for. "and barbarity, which, fo fure being plenty of grain, and as there is vengence in Heaven "fruit of feveral forts, and the "for the worft of crimes, will "fome time be the deftruction of "all who act or who encourage "it." This Captain Hawkins, afterwards Sir John Hawkins, feems to have been the first Englishman who gave public countenance to this wicked traffic: for Anderfon, before mentioned, at page 401, fays, "That in the year 1562, Captain Hawkins affifted "by fubfcription of fundry gen"tlemen, now fitted out three fhips; and having learnt that "negroes were a very good commodity in Hifpaniola, he failed "to the coaft of Guinea, took in negroes, and failed with "them for Hifpaniola, where he "fold them, and his English com"modities, and loaded his three "veffels with hides, fugar, ginger, &c. with which he re"turned home anno 1563, making a profperous voyage." As it proved a lucrative bufinefs, the trade was continued both by Hawkins and others, as appears from the Naval Chronicle, page 55, where it is faid, "That on the "18th of October, 1564, Cap"tain John Hawkins, with two "fhips of 700 and 140 tons, failed "for Africa; that on the eighth "of December they anchored to "the fouth of Cape Verd, where "the Captain manned the boat, " and fent eighty men in armour "into the country, to fee if they "could take fome negroes; but "the natives flying from them, they returned to their fhips, and proceeded farther down "the coaft. Here they ftaid cer"tain days, fending their men "afhore, in order (as the author fays) to burn and spoil their "" towns, and take the inhabi"tants. The land they obferved "to be well cultivated, there" In the accounts relating to the African trade, we find this melancholy truth farther afferted by some of the principal directors in the different factories; particularly A. Brue fays, "That the Europeans "were far from defiring to act as "peace-makers amongst the negroes; which would be acting contrary to their intereft, fince "the "we treat concerning buying them, "they are all brought out together "in a large plain, where, by our furgeons, they are thoroughly "examined, and that naked, both "men and women, without the leaft "distinction or modefty. Those "which are approved as good, are the greater the wars, the more "flaves were procured." And William Bofman alfo remarks, "That one of the former com"manders gave large fums of mo66 ney to the negroes of one nation, "to induce them to attack fome "of the neighbouring nations, " which occafioned a battle which fet on one fide; in the mean " was more bloody than the wars "of negroes ufually are." This is confirmed by J. Barbot, who fays, "That the country of D'Elmina, which was formerly very "powerful and populous, was in his time fo much drained of its "inhabitants by the inteftine wars "fomented amongst the negroes by the Dutch, that there did not "remain inhabitants enough to till << the country." Our author is fo extremely zealous in the caufe which he defends, that he is fometimes guilty of exaggeration; but that is certainly to be excufed, as the motive arifes from the nobleft principles, thofe of virtue and religion. We fhall conclude our account of this work, by the following extract, relating to the fhocking mode ufed in carrying on this difgraceful trade. Sir "The account given by William Bolman is as follows: "When the flaves which are brought from the inland coun"tries come to Whidah, they are put in prifon together; when "while a burning iron, with the "arms or name of the company, "lies in the fire, with which ours 65 are marked on the breaft. When "we have agreed with the owners "of the flaves, they are returned "to their prifons; where, from "that time forward, they are kept at our charge, and coft us two pence a day each flave, which "ferves to fubfift them, like crimi"nals, on bread and water; fo that, "to fave charges, we fend them on board our fhips the very firit 66 opportunity; before which, their mafters trip them of all they "have on their backs, so that they come on board stark naked, as "well women as men. In which 66 condition they are obliged to " continue, if the mafter of the fhip is not fo charitable (which "he commonly is) as to bestow fomething on them to cover their "nakednefs. Six or feven hundred. 66 REMARKABLE DOMESTIC EVENTS. NOVEMBER, 1788. AS every political concern of im portance will be judiciously registered under our head of NATIONAL EVENTS, we mean, in this place, to give fuch occurrences only as are not worthy the notice, or that would degrade the dignity, of the hiftorian. However, as detached pieces, they will be efteemed valuable, both at the present and at a future period, as we intend to felect the remarkable and the well authenticated; we mean not to be folicitous for the early and the marvellous. On THE Historical Magazine; O R, CLASSICAL LIBRARY OF REMARKABLE EVENTS, MEMOIRS, AND ANECDOTES, NUMBER II. HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS. ANECDOTES OF THE MARQUIS OF WORCESTER, FROM LLOYD'S MEMOIRS OF THE LIVES, ACTIONS, SUFFERINGS, AND DEATHS, OF NOBLE, REVEREND, AND EXCELLENT PERSONAGES. HARLES I. having pardoned fome gentlemen, who had confiderably prejudiced his intereft in South Wales, this facetious nobleman told him, "That was the way to gain the kingdom of heaven, but not his kingdom on earth." He would frequently railly his majefty by quotations from the old poets, and particularly would repeat thefe lines from Chaucer A king can kill, a king can fave; A king can make a lord-a knave! When he faw a deformed, wornout old woman, he would fay, "How happy were it for a inan going to bed to his grave, to be first wedded to this woman!" Being forbid the ufe of claret, when afflicted with the gout, "What," faid he, "fhall I quit my old friend for my new enemy?" When a mufquet-ball, at the fiege of Ragland, glancing on a marble pillar in the withdrawingroom, where this lord used to divert his friends, hit his head, and fell flat on the ground, he faid, "That he was flattered to have a good head-piece in his younger days; but he was certain that, in his old age, he had one which was muf quet-proof." "IE" Vain glory, he used to fay, was like chaff, that kept a man's fpirits warm, as that did the corn. you fet a man on his horfe," said he, "let him have his horfe!" Being told, when highly advanced in years, that he should be buried at Windfor, he replied, "Then fhall I take a better caftle when dead, than ever I loft when alive." Sir Thomas Fairfax, wondering at his cheerfulness when he was near death, was anfwered, "That he fuffered cheerfully, because he did not before reckon upon it." 1 This nobleman, though a firm Catholic, was an active advocate in the defence of Charles the Firft, who faid of him, "That he found not any where else fo much faith, no not in Ifrael!"-He encountered many difficulties and difgraces, at about the eightieth year of his age; was deprived of his eftates, and committed to prifon, where he died in an abject condition; deferted, though not despised. INSTANCE OF UNCOMMON MODERATION. T TW ANECDOTE This circumstance is the more remarkable, as this king was not over and above tender in other facred points. CHARACTERISTIC ANECDOTES AND CUSTOMS OF THE BAVARIANS: FROM BARON A FTER fpeaking indifferently of the people of rank, this author proceeds to defcribe the generality of the inhabitants. "They are," fays he, "immerfed in the moft fcandalous debauchery. Every night the streets re-echo with the noife of drunkards iffuing from the been revelling and dancing. Whonumerous taverns where they have ever is at all noble here must keep his mistress; the reft indulge in promifcuous love. In this refpect, things are not much better in the country. "Bavaria, indeed, well deferves of Gafcony, of being the greatest the character given it by an officer brothel in the world. "The country people are extremely dirty. A few miles distanc from the capital, one would hardly take the hovels of the peafants for the habitations of men. Many of OF WILLIAM RUFUS. them have large puddles before the WO monks applied to William doors of their houfes, and are obliged Rufus, king of England, to to step over planks into them. The purchafe an abbot's place; and they thatched roofs of the country people, both ftrove to outvie each other in in many parts of France, have a the largeness of their offers. A much better appearance than the third monk, as it happened, was pre- miferable huts of the Bavarian peafent; who, observing a strict filence, fants; the roofs of which are coverthe king faid to him, as if to encou- ed with ftones, in order that the flates rage the best bidder-" And what may not be carried away by the wilt thou give for the place?"-wind. Mean as this looks, cheap as "Not a penny!" anfwered he; "for it is against my confcience." On which Rufus replied, "Then thou, of the three, best deservest the preference, and thou fhalt have it!" nails are in the country, and often as half the roofs are torn away by ftrong winds, yet cannot the rich farmer be perfuaded to nail his fhingles properly together. In short, from |