The Constitution and the Flag: The flag salute cases

accompanying action amendment American flag analysis applied argued argument authority Barnette believe Bill Chief Justice civil claim communicative concern concluded conduct Cong Congress considered constitutional constitutional amendment constitutionally convey conviction course critical decision display dissenting draft effect Eichman example expression fact federal flag burning flag desecration flag's freedom governmental ground held House ideas important integrity interest involved issue Johnson Justice justify least legislation liberty limited majority meaning ment O'Brien object observed offensive opinion particular patriotic peace person physical political present preserving President principles Professor prohibit proposed protection provides punish question reason regard regulation Rehnquist represents respect restriction result Senate simply speech state's statute Stevens Street suggested suppression supra note Supreme Court symbol symbolic speech Texas tion United violation Washington York