PREFACE.

THIS edition is a careful revision of the one published in 1882.

The text, as in the former edition, follows Ribbeck in the main, adhering, however, to the received reading where he seems to be not fully supported by his own apparatus criticus.

The illustrations have been much increased in number and improved in execution. Many of the new ones have been inserted in the text instead of in the notes in order to present them more directly to the eye of the student when he is reading the passages that they illustrate. The pictures are intended to represent only objects or conceptions which were familiar to the minds of the poet and his contemporaries, and consequently nothing modern has been admitted among them. For the sake of the associations, however, a number of views of the scenes in which the action takes place have been included.

The introduction deals more fully than that of the former edition with the life and times of Virgil, as well as with his literary models. There have been added also an entirely new account of the development of epic poetry and a discussion of the influence of Virgil on modern, especially English, literature. With the same purpose of showing the continuity

of literary tradition a large number of passages from modern poetry covering a wide range have been inserted in the notes. These passages are either direct imitations of Virgil or they deal with ideas suggested by his works. Considerable matter not necessary for young students has been omitted from the notes to appear in a separate volume designed for teachers only. Thus the notes have been simplified and the bulk of the book has not been perceptibly increased. A fuller explanation of the metrical form and more detailed directions for reading have also been added.

J. B. GREENOUGH
G. L. KITTREDGE.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

ABBREVIATIONS.

Ideal portrait of Virgil. Vatican Fragments.

The Parcæ with Minerva. Relief. Müller-Wieseler.

Hunting Scenes. Wall paintings. Zahn.

Jupiter. Statue. Mus. Chiar.

Temple of Augustus (Maison Carrée) at Nismes. Photograph. Flying Mercury.. Vase painting. Nicolini.

22

Amazons defeated by Theseus. Ancient sarcophagus. Photograph.
Fortune seated on a throne (solium). Bronze from Pompeii. Pre-

Reception of Ilioneus by Dido. Vatican Fragments.

Bride with Veil. Wall painting. Monumenti dell'Istituto.
Lady with diadem (corona). Statue. Compt. Rend.
Dido and Æneas at the feast. Vatican Fragments.

Trojan horse drawn within the walls. - Women supplicating Pallas.
· Priam seated. — Cassandra raving on the walls. H. & P.
Sacrifice of Iphigenia. Relief. R. R.

23

25

29

29

34

36

39

Theft of the Palladium. Wall painting. Monumenti dell'Istituto. 4I Laocoön. Vatican Museum. Photograph.

Part of the Tabula Iliaca, carved (or cast in gypsum) with illustrations of the Sack of Troy as told by Stesichorus. Jahn, Bilderchronik.

Æneas's vision of the Penates. Vatican Fragments.

Apollo Musagetes. Statue. Museo Pio-Clementino.

Sacrifice. Relief on the altar of Mercury at Pompeii. Photograph.

Harpies. Ancient mausoleum. Monumenti dell'Istituto.

Offerings to the dead.

Veiled Roman sacrificing. Statue. Photograph.

43

49

54

56

59

61

64

65

68

69

73

Vase painting. Mus. Borb.

77

80

81

Scylla. Ancient vase.

Chain-mail (lorica). Fragment found in a tomb. Compt. Rend.

Polyphemus. Wall painting in Pompeii. Nuovi Scavi.

89

View of the coast of Sicily. Rocks of the Cyclops. Photograph.

Youth with chlamys. Statuette. Müller-Wieseler.

97

Roman marriage. Pronuba uniting the pair. Ancient sarcophagus. 99

Mercury Psychopompus (with caduceus, etc.), presenting shades to
Pluto and Proserpina. Wall painting from tomb. Sepolcri.
Mercury. Statue. Mus. Chiar.

Bacchic scene. Ancient sarcophagus in Vatican Museum. Photo

graph. Sortes.

-

- Italian form of divination. Præneste drawing the oracular sors.

Orestes and the Furies.

Vase painting. R. R.

PAGE

ΙΟΙ

102

104

ΠΙΟ

III

117

119

122

Hecate. Archäologisch-epigraphische Mittheilungen.
Death of Dido. Vatican Fragments.

Venus and Neptune. Vatican Fragments.

Carchesium. Ancient vase. Annali dell'Istituto.

Serpent (genius loci) tasting the offerings on an altar.-Youth with

sacred bush. H. & P.

Galley. Wall painting at Pompeii. Baum.

Nereids. Ancient Stucco.

Horse with trappings. Roman tomb. Lindenschmidt, Tracht.
Dares and Entellus. Relief. Photograph.

.

Ulysses shooting with the bow.

Vase painting.

Monumenti

Æneas, Achates, and the Sibyl. Vatican Fragments.

152

Theseus and the Minotaur. Vase painting.

154

Orpheus and Eurydice. Naples Museum. Photograph.

I 57

Hercules and Theseus carrying off Cerberus. Painting from a tomb. Sepolcri.

I 57

Promontory of Misenum. Photograph.

161

Charon receiving his passenger and fare. Ancient lamp. Bartoli,
Lucerne.

164

Sepolcri..

Cerberus. Æneas and the Sibyl. In the background, judgment

of the shades. Vatican Fragments. Laodamia. Ancient relief. Baum. . Tantalus, Ixion, and Sisyphus.

Augustus with the civic crown.

Wall painting from a tomb.

Marcus Aurelius receiving submission. From photograph of the

walls of the Capitol at Rome.

182