comes a proper caufe of it; another part of the difeafe, produced occafionally, and fooner or later brought into action, may discover different effects, fupervening the difeafe indeed, but not having fuch a connection with it but that it may be without them. That the fymptoms of the cause may be understood, we must take in those effects acceffary to the cause of the disease.

• Wherefore it is evident, that thefe fymptoms can be taken away when the difeafe ftill continues, and may, on the other hand, remain when it is removed: fometimes they may prove far more dangerous than the disease which they attend; at other times they may difcover one difeafe to have fupervened upon another; one of which, because it is either prior in order of time, is more manifeft, or more violent in degree, is only taken for the difeafe; the other, therefore, not being regarded in itself, but only in its effects, or even altogether neglected. Hence, when the principal difeafe ceafes, the fymptom of the caufe ftill remaining, we lofe the idea of it, and the difeafe, which lay concealed, now becomes manifeft: which circumflances, when rightly confidered, will fhow, that that diftinction, taken in its. true fenfe, is neither paradoxical nor fuperfluous, but rather exceedingly useful, as well for making a diagnofis as prognosis of diseases.

Either kind of fymptoms, if by their own power they have produced fome evident affection, it is called a symptom of a Tymptom. Under which denomination all the rest of the morbid effects come, which in fucceffion follow one another; only they may have fome anterior fymptom for their caufe, nor do they continue after it is removed.

• Thefe, therefore, have their beginning in the difeafe itfelf, or in the caufe of it; from thence they are known, and thefe being taken away, those confequently are removed; and although, perhaps, upon the intervention of many others they may only cohere with them, by a proper analyfis, however, they may affift a little in knowing the difeafe or the cause of it. Nor can we have a complete hiftory of difeafes if they are omitted. It is likewife to be remarked, that there happens in the fick, not unfrequently, vifible effects, which if you obferve in their rife, may be wholly referred to fome of the fpecies, but are so firmly rooted in the body as to continue after the difeafe; hence we do not look upon them as fymptoms, but as fecondary diseases, and are therefore more to be attended to, because they require a particular cure.'

It deferves to be remarked, that though pathology be a fubject which naturally affords fcope to the imagination, the learned author has judiciously avoided all speculative difquifitions that tend not to the folid improvement of fcience. The original work is unquestionably one of the most valuable productions in this department of medical knowlege; and the prefent tranflation, though it might in fome part be rendered more perfpicuous, delivers faithfully the fenfe of the author.

The Univerfal Gardener and Botanist; or, a General Dictionary of Gardening and Botany. Exhibititing in Botanical Arrangement, according to the Linnæan System, every Tree, Shrub, and Herbaceous Plant, that merit Culture, either for Use, Ornament, or Curiofity, in every Department of Gardening. Together with Practical Directions for performing the various Mechanical Operations of Gardening in general. By Thomas Mawe, Gardener to his Grace the Duke of Leeds. And John Abercrombie, Authors of Every Man his Own Gardener, &c. 4to. 11. 75. bound. Robinson.

THE HE fame fpirit of experimental enquiry to which we owe fo many valuable improvements in agriculture during the last twenty years, has alfo introduced a variety of important changes in the ufeful art of gardening. So much, indeed, is this the cafe, that books which were formerly esteemed as standard treatises on the fubject, are now become in fome meafure obfolete, or at leaft apparently defective. The imperfection of those systems, however, is not only evident in refpect of the information they contain, and that even on the most effential parts of gardening, but is likewise obvious in the confused arrangement of the various botanical claffes, which the feveral authors have delineated upon difcordant, or no fixt principles of science. It muft therefore afford great pleasure to every lover of this art, to behold a work in which the errors and defects of former fyftems are corrected and fupplied; in which theoretical is joined to practical knowlege, and the ufeful and ornamental parts of gardening both happily comprised.

The difputed do&trine of the impregnation of male and fe`male flowers is well noticed by the authors under the article Cucumis, when treating of fetting the early fruit, as it is term ed, they obferve, that,

It is a moft neceffary operation of art incumbent on the gardener in the early culture of thefe plants, to be done according as the flowers, both male and female, come into full bloom, and is performed by injecting the farina of the male into the figmata of the female bloffom, which is as neceffary to the generation of plants, as the feed of animals is to their respective fpecies. In hermaphrodite plants the male and female organs are included all within the fame flower, and confequently the impregnation is readily effected by nature; but all the fpecies of cucumis being monoecious plants, male and female flowers diftinct, both, however, on the fame plant, the male bloffoms being furnished with the ftamina, having their antheræ loaded with a golden powder or farina, defigned by nature to impreg

nate

nate the females, fo that the conveyance of this male powder to the female flower, either by nature or by art, is abfolutely neceffary, as, without its aid, the young fruit will conftantly turn yellow, and drop foon after they have flowered; in fummer, when the plants are fully expofed, the gentle breezes of wind, as alfo the bees roving from flower to flower, having the farina adhering to their legs, and fome other accidents, are fuppofed to convey a fufficient portion of the farina for fecundating the females; but in winter and early fpring, when no wind nor bees, &c. have free accefs into the frames, fhews the neceflity of performing the impregnation by art to thefe plants in particular, by carrying the male to the female bloffoms.'

The authors proceed to explain the manner in which this neceffary work is performed; where they obferve, the importance of the above operation is fo effential in the early cul-` ture of cucumbers, that it fhould never be omitted; as by fuch practice you may always be fure of the first and every fruit that fhews; whereas without this care, if the culture of the plants is ever fo well conducted, no fruit will fet till late, as by many is experienced, unless fome ftraggling bee has crept into the frame, and by the fertilizing duft sticking to its legs, accidentally performed the operation.'

The authors conclude this article with animadverting on a late reverend writer on gardening, who has denied the efficacy and neceffity of fuch practice. They obferve that such an affertion only fhews a total want of experience in this very important procefs; for almost every eminent gardener has afcertained its great ufe; and it has been kept as a grand and important fecret. To this we may add the neceflity of impregnating the female flowers with the male duft, not only of the monoecious genera of other plants, but more fo of the dioecious clafs, or thofe which bear male on one plant, and female flowers on another. This is affirmed by feveral fpecu-, lative and practical gardeners of eminence; and for this reason, we fee male and female plants of fpinach intermixed, where they are referved for feed for the purpose of impregnation.

The authors' obfervations on the different kinds of earths are very pertinent.

Earth may be divided into three. claffes, fandy, loamy, and clayey.

A good garden earth may be either of a blackish, hazelly, or chefnut-brown colour; neither too light loofe and fandy, nor partake too much of loam or clay, but is fattifh, light, pliant, and eafy to work at all feafons; and if three fpades deep, it will be ftill more beneficial for the purpofe, though if there be

eighteen

eighteen inches or two feet depth of good ftaple, it will do for moft forts of efculent plants, and others, as well as for almost all forts of fruit trees.

Sandy Earth.-All the light, loofe, open, and gravelly foils, whether black, grey, hazelly, or yellowish coloured,' till the loam or clay is come at, may be deemed of the fandy kind, and is capable of raifing fome certain plants: but having a mixture of loam or clay, and enriched with dung, it will produce all forts; for a vegetable planted either in fand alone, or in a fat coherent glebe or earth alone, receives fcarce any growth, but where is a juft mixture of both, the mafs becomes fertile.

By means of fand or fandy earth, ftrong loam or clay is fertilized, the earth being thereby rendered porous, and interstices or fpace maintained, by which the juices are prepared, and thrown off into the roots of the plants, and the fibres find room to extend themselves.

Sandy or gravelly ground eafily admits both of heat and moifture, and are apt to push feeds and plants much earlier in spring than trong loamy or clayey foils.

But fandy land is liable to thefe inconveniencies, that being fometimes very light and open, it either does not retain a due portion of moisture, or fometimes retains it too long, efpecially where there is clay at bottom; fo in thefe cafes, is apt either to parch or chill too much.

Loamy earth.-This is that fort of earth which is a mixture of clay and fand, commonly of a yellowish or hazelly colour, and of a foft, fat, and flippery temperament, not fo clofe a texture as clay, nor too loofe and fandy, but of a middle nature between, and is at all times eafy to dig and rake, and will readily diffolve by froft and rain.

But fome diftinguish a true loam, or brick-earth, as that which partakes more of clay than fand.

A good garden loam however fhould be fuch a just confift ence as is pliable to work, and fuch as will not stick obftinately to the fpade, rake, and fingers, &c. at every flash of rain, nor cruft or chap in dry weather.

¿ Loamy earths, answering the above defcriptions, are in many places the most common fuperficial or top earth, going frequently one, two, or thee fpades deep, and is one of the molt beneficial foils for almoft all forts of plants and trees.

Clayey earth.Clay is a frong, cold, heavy, moift earth, liable to coalefce, and gather into a coherent and compact mafs, having but little fpace or interfice, and earth thus embodied, and as it were, glued together; does not easily give out thofe falts contained in it, nor can the fibres of plants make their way through it in quet of proper nutriment, and therefore, fuch a foil of itself is no ways difpofed to nourish vegetables; but if with fuch an earth, fome fharp indiffolvable fand, or fome other body of fimilar quality, and light hot dungs be added, and

well

well intermixed by proper digging, and breaking into fmall particles, they will keep the pores of the clay open, and render the whole loofe and incompact, whereby the juices will have room to afcend, and the plants thereby receive proper nourishment.

All binding earths, from the loam, till the ftiffness of chalk may be come at, may be reckoned of the clayey kind, and require the aid of light earths, afhes, and light dungs to meliorate them for the bufinefs of vegetation.

• If the earth of your garden is of a fandy loofe temperature, add loam and other heavy fubftances by degrees, and a good portion of moist rotten dung, particularly the dung of oxen, cows, and hogs, and of old hot-beds, &c. bat any good moist rotten dung will improve this kind of foil.

And if your garden is ftrong, ftubborn, loamy, or clayey, meliorate it by fand, and other light materials, of a fiery, fprightly nature, together with plenty of dry rotten dung.

Under the article of Pleasure Grounds the authors give the following hints for laying them out according to the modern, and we may venture to fay, the rational tafte.'

In defigns for a pleafure-ground, according to modern improvements, confulting rural difpofition, in imitation of nature, all too formal works being almoft abolifhed, fuch as long ftraight. walks, regular interfections, fquare grafs plots, correfponding paterres, quadrangular and angular spaces, inclofed with high clipped hedges, &c. and other uniformities, as in ancient defigns; and inftead of which, confifts now of rural open spaces of grafs ground, of irregular dimenfions, and winding walks, all bounded with plantations of trees, fhrubs, and flowers, in various irregular clumps, and other compartments, exhibited in a variety of curves, projections, openings, and clofings, in imitation of a natural affemblage; not forming inclofures of hedges, &c. but having all the various plantations open to the walks and lawns; for example: a fpacious open lawn, of grafs ground, being generally first prefented immediately on the front of the manfion, or main habitation, having each fide embellished with plantations of fhrubbery, groves, thickets, &c. in clumps and other compartments, in irregular curves, and projections, towards the lawn, &c. with breaks or opens of grafs fpaces at in-. tervals, between the plantation; together with ferpentine gravel walks, winding under the fhade of the trees; irregular plantations, being also carried round next the outer boundary of the ground, in various openings and closings, having gravel-walks, winding through them, for fhady and private walking; and in the interior divifions of the ground is exhibited ferpentine winding walks, and elegant grafs opens, arranging various ways, all bordered with fhrubberies, and other tree and fhrub plantations, flower compartments, &c. difpofed in a variety of irregular forms and dimenfions, in eafy bendings, concaves, projections,