Dr. Bälz, but it has attracted the attention of native artists; and one may see, as in a picture by Torii Kiyonaga, a mother of the fine type, watching a coarse-featured servant

Heads of Japanese Men of the Fine and Coarse Type; from
Hovorka, after Bälz.

feeding the baby, who is also depicted with a nose of the type of its mother's. The celebrated school of the Torii, who flourished in the eighteenth century, invented colourprinting. In a picture by Outmaro, a Japanese nobleman is paying a ceremonial visit, and on the verandah is seen his low-visaged bearer, whose degraded countenance and squat nose with its broad nostril offer a marked contrast to the oval face and delicate nose of his master. Peeping from behind a screen are the faces of three girls; two of the fine type belong to daughters of the house, and between them is their rounder-faced maid.

Nowhere has the distinction between the fine and coarse type of nose been more fully studied than in India, and the results of these investigations are so interesting and important that I shall deal with them in considerable detail.

In 1891 and 1892, Mr. H. H. Risley published four volumes on The Tribes and Castes of Bengal, which embodied an immense mass of anthropometric data and ethnographic

researches. Mr. Risley finds that in India the nasal index "ranks higher as a distinctive character than the stature or even than the cephalic index itself."

"If we take a series of castes," writes Mr. Risley, "in Bengal, Behar, or the North-Western Provinces, and arrange them in the order of the average nasal index, so that the caste with the finest nose shall be at the top, and that with the coarsest at the bottom of the list, it will be found that this order substantially corresponds with the accepted order of social precedence. The casteless tribes-Kols, Korwas, Mundas, and the like-who have not yet entered the Brahmanical system, occupy the lowest place. Then come the vermin-eating Musahars and the leather-dressing Chamárs. The fisher castes of Bauri, Bind, and Kewat are a trifle higher in the scale; the pastoral Goala, the cultivating Kurmi, and a group of cognate castes from whose hands a Brahman may take water, follow in due order, and from them we pass to the trading Khatris, the land-holding Bábhans, and the upper crust of Hindu society. Thus, it is scarcely a paradox to lay down as a law for the caste organisation in Eastern India, that a man's social status varies in inverse ratio to the width of his nose.

"Nor is this the only point in which the two sets of observations the social and the physical-bear out and illustrate each. other. The character of the curious matrimonial groupings for which the late Mr. J. F. McLennan devised the happy term exogamous, also varies in a definite relation to the gradations of physical type. Within a certain range of nasal proportions, these subdivisions are based almost exclusively on the totem. Along with a somewhat finer form of nose, groups called after villages and larger territorial areas, or bearing the name of certain tribal or communal officials, begin to appear, and above these again we reach the eponymous saints and heroes, who in India, as in Greece and Rome, are associated with a certain stage of Aryan progress.'

1 H. H. Risley, The Tribes and Castes of Bengal: Ethnographic Glossary, i., 1892, p. xxxiii.

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