I. The Northern Brachycephals are short and dark. 2. The Northern Dolichocephals and Mesaticephals are

tall and fair.

3. The Central Brachycephals are short and dark.

4. The Southern Dolichocephals are short and dark.

We may now take a very brief survey of the main conclusions, which Dr. Beddoe has arrived at after many years of careful study of European craniology, concerning the history of the cranial index in the British Islands.

What paleolithic man was like, who roamed in the ancient river valleys along with the mammoth and other extinct animals, we have no positive information, but a gradually increasing amount of evidence tends to the conclusion that he belonged to the race of which the well-known crania of Neanderthal, Spy, Galley Hill, etc., are examples. There is no reason to believe that he became extinct. Beddoe believes that the posterity of these makers of rudely chipped flint implements still survive in these islands. After considerable changes in the physical geography of our islands, and the disappearance of the mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, cave bear, and other ancient forms, a new race of men appeared in Britain who made finely chipped implements, many of which were beautifully polished; they, too, knew how to make pottery and had domestic animals. The men of the Neolithic Age had long skulls, and they buried their dead in long barrows. This race resembled that which is now known under the name of Baumes-Chaudes or l'HommeMort, from the sepulchral caverns in the Department of Lozère. The average cranial index of this race is 72; the average of the Long Barrow race is also about 72. Traces of these people have been found from the north of Scotland to the south of England, but we are not authorised to state that this race was spread throughout the whole of Great

Britain. There are, as a matter of fact, whole counties, such as Northumberland, where there are, so far as Beddoe1 is aware, no traces of this race.

The skulls from the caves of Perth-y-chwaren in North Wales, which were disinterred by Boyd-Dawkins and figured by him, differ considerably from the common British Neolithic type, not merely in breadth, but in physiognomy. The cranial index of this type is 76.5, and it may be related to the French Mesaticephalic race of Furfooz.

Britain was next invaded by a race which introduced bronze implements. It was robust and tall, not less than five feet nine inches (1752 mm.) in stature, bony, largebrained, harsh-featured, high-nosed, with prominent brows, and a breadth index of over 80. The majority probably had light hair. They resembled the Borreby race of Denmark, and the Swiss or Helvetian race of ancient Switzerland, though with somewhat larger breadth. The modern Walloons of Southern Belgium have some affinities to this type. Dr. Beddoe further states that this race may have come from Denmark, or from the north of France, or from Belgium; and it may have brought with it the Celtic language. The immigrants who introduced bronze into Britain usually buried their dead chieftains in round barrows, hence they are often termed the Round Barrow race. In Plate I., Figs. 4-6, we have a good example of a skull of this race. It is interesting, however, to note that this specimen was actually obtained from a long barrow. It did not occur, like the skull of the other race (Figs. 1-3), on the ground in the centre of a barrow, but was excavated from a depth of two feet from the surface; that is, it is what is called a "secondary interment," thus proving that the newcomers occasionally made use of the barrows of their predecessors.

'J. Beddoe," Sur l'Histoire de l'Indice céphalique dans les Iles Britanniques," L'Anthropologie, v., 1894, pp. 513, 658.

FIG. 1.

1.-Long Barrow, Dinnington, Rotherham. Length, 204; breadth, 143; cran. index, 70.1; ht.-length index, 70.1; ht.-br. index, 100; orb. index, 87.2; nas. index, 42; capacity, 1755; male.

FIG. 2. Skull of a man of the Round Barrow Race, from a secondary interment, two feet below the surface, in a long barrow, Winterbourne Stoke. Length, 177; breadth, 156; cran. index, 88.1; orb. index, 87.5; nas. index, 49.1.

Dr. Beddoe does not appear to recognise the possibility of the presence in the British Islands of the Neolithic brachycephals of France. I have recently' expressed myself as follows:

"I am inclined to think that the Neolithic brachycephals of Central Europe did come over to the British Islands, and that traces of them are still to be seen, perhaps more frequently in Ireland than in Great Britain. If this be so, it is probable they came as a mixed people, that mixture of brachycephals and southern dolichocephals which Broca called Celts,' for it must be remembered that he regarded the Celtæ of Cæsar as a mixed people, but mainly brachycephals. The Neolithic brachycephalic immigrants into Western Europe almost certainly came from Eastern Europe, and possibly originally from Asia; it is also probable that they were primitively of the same stock as the Lapps and Finns, or rather one constituent of the latter people. It may be that the short, dark, brachycephalic element in the British Islands was largely due to the northern brachycephals who came direct from Scandinavia in the Neolithic period, or both northern and southern brachycephals may have contributed their respective shares."

The period of the Roman domination is considered by Beddoe to have somewhat diminished the numerical proportion of the former dominant caste, which was brachycephalic, or at least mesaticephalic; it introduced a certain amount of foreign blood (Italian and other), and it favoured amalgamation among the different elements of the population.

The racial elements imported must have been extremely mixed, and probably left scarcely any permanent traces, though

1 A. C. Haddon, “Studies in Irish Craniology, III.: A Neolithic Cist Burial at Oldbridge, County Meath," Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. (3), iv., 1898, p. 570.