brows, not the straight penthouse of the Scotch and Irish, are frequently seen in Denmark; and where they are very prevalent among the Anglians a Danish cross may be susMr. Park Harrison lays great stress upon this

pected."

feature as Danish.

It is common to the Borreby race and to the British bronze men, to the Sion type of Switzerland, and to many Savoyards.

land was not so.

Leicestershire was largely colonised by the Danes; RutThe former differs from the other NorthMidland counties, apparently, by having retained a good proportion of the dark pre-Anglian stock.

In the Triads, and elsewhere in old Welsh literature the Coranied are referred to. These have been

"identified with the Coritavi, or Coritani, of the Romans, from the similarity of the first syllable in each word, from a statement that the Coranied settled about the Humber, and from the name of Ratis Corion having been applied to Leicester, seemingly the chief town of the Coritavi. The only grounds for making the Coranied and Coritavi (allowing them to be the same) Germans are their siding with the Saxons, and having a Latin name ending in Avi, like the undoubtedly Germanic tribes of the Batavi and Chamavi."

Dr. Beddoe entirely disagrees with this view for the following reasons:

"They are supposed to have occupied the counties of Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, Rutland, and part of Northamptonshire; in these counties I can find no Roman station whose name appears to be Teutonic, while the important town of Margidunum, near Southwell in Nottinghamshire, bears a name almost certainly Celtic, and Ratis Corion does the same; and Nottingham would seem to have remained Celtic long enough for its Welsh name not to have been altogether forgotten even in Loc. cit., p. 23.

1 Loc. cit., p. 253.

the time of Alfred, for Asser says it was called in Welsh Tigguocobauc. Again, if the Coritavi were Germans, and were overlaid by successive strata of Angles and Danes, one may reasonably expect to find the Teutonic physical type prevalent over their whole area to a degree not found elsewhere in Britain. Now, in the northern part of the Coritanian area it is really very prevalent, but in the southern (Leicestershire and Northamptonshire) there is, if I may judge by the colours of the hair and eyes, a strong non-Teutonic element. The following table (page 35) shows a great difference between Lincoln and Leicester, Nottingham and Northampton, in these respects, there being a much larger proportion of dark hair in the two more southern towns. '

"Professor Phillips, than whom no ethnologist was a keener observer, once visited Leicester with the expectation of finding a strongly marked Scandinavian type predominant there; but he was surprised to find a dark-haired type, which he supposed to be Celtic, equally prevalent."

The northern part of Cambridgeshire is also supposed to retain a large proportion of British blood; the fens formed. the impenetrable retreat, and we all know how the Isle of Ely held out against the Normans. In his memoir on "Stature and Bulk of Man in the British Isles," Dr. Beddoe quotes Dr. L. Clapham and Dr. H. Stuckey, as finding rather more hazel and brown than blue or grey eyes; out of fifty observations twenty-seven eyes were dark and twenty-three light. I remember well, on returning to Cambridge after a long residence in Ireland, expecting to find a tall, fair-haired, blue-eyed population preponderating in Cambridgeshire, but, on the contrary, I was struck with the proportionately large number of short, dark-haired, darkeyed persons. According to Dr. Beddoe the southern part of the country is more like Norfolk and Suffolk, anthropologically.'

1 Loc. cit., p. 24.

Mem. Anthrop. Soc., iii., 1869, pp. 458, 459. 3 Races of Britain, p. 254.

"These two counties," continues Dr. Beddoe, "are more Anglian than either Danish or British. Mr. Grant Allen, whose summary of the Brito-Saxon controversy, in his excellent little book on Anglo-Saxon Britain, is about the fairest we have, dwells, perhaps, a little too much on the British element in East Anglia. It is, perhaps, stronger in Suffolk than in Norfolk. In Essex I think that there was a considerable survival of the RomanoBritons, and that though the invading Saxons preponderate near the coast, it is not so in the interior forest country. At Braintree a Huguenot colony have left their surnames and complexions."

1

Mr. Park Harrison has noted that the people of Brandon are comparatively dark. This is a particularly interesting place, as in Neolithic times pits were sunk in the chalk, and flint was quarried for the manufacture of implements; there is reason to believe that since that date this industry has never ceased, and at the present time the flint knappers of Brandon manufacture gun-flints for the African market. Quite recently Dr. C. S. Myers has published a valuable paper on the large collection of skulls from this locality that are in the Cambridge Anatomical Museum. In the vicinity are two Roman camps, and near by runs the Icknield Way, the great war and trade route of the Iceni in preRoman times. A few skulls resemble the Neolithic or Long Barrow type. The skulls of the brachycephalic series do not belong to the Round Barrow type, which is quite unrepresented, but are to be allocated to a fairly widely-spread Romano-British type. Among the elongated skulls Mr. Myers has proved the occurrence of the old Row Grave type of Germany; it is a significant fact that about 372 A.D. the Alemannic Bucinobantes came from Mainz, on the right bank of the Rhine, and appear to have settled within twenty

1 Loc. cit., p. 254.

2 C. S. Myers, "An Account of Some Skulls Discovered at Brandon, Suffolk." -Journ. Anth. Inst., xxvi., 1896, p. 113.

miles of Brandon, at Buckenham, in Norfolk. Allied to these skulls is the long, low-crowned Batavian type, which also occurs at Brandon. Only one definitely Saxon skull was noted. The evidence points to the fact that the burialground, whence these skulls were obtained, was that of a people of mixed ethnic character, belonging to a time antecedent to the Saxon invasion; but it is probable that even then Saxon settlers were arriving in small numbers. Mr. R. J. Horton-Smith' also alludes to East Anglian craniology in his paper on the craniology of the South Saxons. His main points are that the South Saxons were not an absolutely pure race, they had a little British blood in them, though the amount was probably very small. The Wessex Saxons were less pure than the South Saxons, owing to their more frequent intermarriage with the British population. The East Anglians have a form of skull slightly different to that of the South Saxons. It is rather broader, less tapeinocephalic (i. e., less low in the crown), and mesoseme instead of microseme (i. e., the orbits are higher and less oblong); the face is also relatively longer, and the cranial capacity larger.

We will now pass to the opposite end of England, and again I quote from Dr. Beddoe:

"The people of Devon are for the most part dark-haired, and the Gaelic combination of blue or grey eyes, with dark brown or blackish hair, is very frequent among them. When the eyes are hazel, on the other hand, the hair is not seldom lightish. In the district about Dartmouth, where the Celtic language lingered for centuries, the index of nigrescence is at its maximum, exceeding fifty. But around the estuaries of the Taw, the Torridge, the Tamar, and perhaps the Exe, Frisian, or Danish settlements seem

1 R. J. Horton-Smith, The Cranial Characteristics of the South Saxons compared with those of the other races of South Britain."-Journ. Anth. Inst., xxvi., 1896, p. 82.