sent as good a type physically as any class of Englishmen under existing social circumstances can be expected to show. Some years ago Dr. Venn worked up the then available statistics on over 1000 men in an interesting paper on Cambridge Anthropometry, " in which he grouped the students into three classes: (A) A first-class man in any tripos examination, or one who is a scholar of his college. (B) All the remaining" honour men." (C) Candidates for the ordinary degree, or "poll men.” Owing to the system of examinations in Cambridge and the knowledge of the men by their tutors, these three classes can be determined with great accuracy, even in the case of undergraduates. What is the difference in the physical characteristics of our A, B, and C classes? We need not trouble ourselves with the statistics themselves, but merely note the main results. In respect of height, weight, breathing, and squeezing power, there is little or no difference between any of the classes. In respect of eyesight there is a decided inferiority in the A's, as compared with the B's and C's taken together. In respect of the "pull" a similar inferiority of A to B and B to C is manifest. In respect of head measurement there is a decided superiority of A's over B's and B's over C's. 2 Dr. Galton, who has gone with more detail into the head growth of these students, says: "We find that a 'high honour' man possesses at the age of nineteen a distinctly larger brain than a 'poll' man (that is, a 1 Journ. Anth. Inst., xviii., 1889, p. 140. F. Galton, "On Head Growth in Students at the University of Cambridge," Nature, May 3, 1888; Journ. Anth. Inst., xviii., 1889, p. 155. By the end of student who takes an ordinary' degree) in the proportion of 241 to 230.5,' or one that is almost 5 per cent. larger. his college career the brain of the 'high honour' man has increased from 241 to 249, that is, by 3 per cent. of its size; while the brain of the 'poll' man has increased from 230.5 to 244.5, or 6 per cent. Four conclusions follow from all this : "(1) Although it is pretty well ascertained that in the masses of the population the brain ceases to grow after the age of nine Curves of Relative Brain Capacity of Cambridge University Men; after Galton. A, High Honour Men; B, Remaining Honour Men; C, Poll Men. The teen, or even earlier, it is by no means so with university students. “(2) That men who obtain high honours have had considerably larger brains than others at the age of nineteen. "(3) That they have larger brains than others, but not to the same extent, at the age of twenty-five; in fact their predominance is by that time diminished to the half of what it was. These figures are arrived at by multiplying together the maximum length and breadth of the head and its height, the latter being taken from the vertex to a plane at the level of the ear-holes. "(4) Consequently 'high honour' men are presumably, as a class, both more precocious and more gifted throughout than any others. We must, therefore, look upon eminent university success as a fortunate combination of these two helpful conditions." 3. Anthropological Measurements as a Means of Analysis and Classification.—It is this last aspect of anthropological measurements that will now claim our attention. These, combined with observations on the colour of the skin, hair, and eyes, the form of various organs, such as the nose and ears, and other comparisons of a similar nature, are invaluable in the study of the races of mankind. In this way we analyse the components of a mixed people, and endeavour, as it were, to dissect out its racial elements. At the same time it is always desirable to seek for peoples that have remained approximately pure, so as to fix their ethnic type, which will serve as a standard when gauging mixtures. For example, in a certain area one may find a very uniform people, whom we know by history, or infer by other means, to have long remained isolated; an ethnographical study of this group reveals a certain combination of characters, which we will call A. Close by is another group which by analysis resolves itself into two components, and contiguous are others somewhat more complex. We will assume that the double community is composed of B and C. Whether the more complex groups are composed of A B D, A C D, or any other combination of four types, it should be possible to determine their composition from the experience gained from the first two cases. The problem is naturally greatly complicated by the occurrence of all intermediate grades and intermixtures, for it is only exceptionally that individuals in a mixed community exhibit even approximately pure characters. In the following three chapters I take respectively the colour of the hair and eyes, the form of the head, and the character of the nose as examples of the methods employed; and lastly I present an abstract of the brilliant work done by Dr. Collignon in his studies of the anthropology of France, whose researches constitute a highly instructive example of the modern methods of anthropological investigation. WHE CHAPTER II HAIR AND EYE COLOUR HEN one looks at a crowd of Englishmen one is t once struck with the diversity that is apparent in their general appearance; especially noticeable are the differences in the colour of their eyes and hair. To a less degre the same holds good for an assembly of Scotsmen or Iris In some parts of the continent of Europe there is a similar variety of colour, but usually a more uniform colouration prevails. Outside of Europe, and apart from European influence, there is a remarkable uniformity in the colour of eyes and hair; and whether they be yellow, red, brown, or black men, the eyes are dark and the hair is almost invariably black. Our venerable and venerated English anthropologist, Dr. John Beddoe, long ago appreciated the fact that by noting the colour of the eyes and hair of large numbers of people it might be possible to learn something about the origins of a people so mixed as the English, and even to trace the streams of migration to their sources, assuming, of course, that originally the main peoples of Europe were characterised by a predominance of hair and eyes of a particular colour. It is a vital question in anthropology whether races or considerable groups of men who may be regarded as being |