century, were retouched by Zannoni. The bust of Livy, and a tomb, which was supposed to have covered his remains, are also displayed in the hall. About the year 1340 a monumental stone was discovered in the monastery of S. Giustina, upon which the name "T. Livius" appeared. This was quite sufficient to satisfy the antiquarian patriotism of the Paduans, who, transported at their discovery, assembled in crowds round the relic, and bore it in pomp and triumph through the streets of their city, At length an inquisitive scholar, upon an examination of the inscription, found that the T. Livius to whom it was dedicated was some forgotten freedman, and not the celebrated Patavinian. In the town-hall may be seen a stone inscribed with the words "lapis vituperii," formerly applied to a singular use, and serving, by a very simple machinery, all the purposes of our insolvent courts. Any unfortunate Paduan, who found himself unable to pay his debts, and was willing to swear that he was not worth five pounds, was seated, in a full hall, upon this stone, without that protection from the cold which his garments usually supplied, and was by this process relieved from the burthen of his debts. "But this is a punishment," says Addison, "that nobody has submitted to these four and twenty years." "None of the confined debtors," observes Mr. Howard, in his remarks on the prisons at Padua, "would sit on the elevated stone in the great hall, and I was informed that not one had submitted to this ignominy these ten years." In other cities of Italy the same custom was formerly prevalent. The ceremony consisted in the debtor sitting down three times, each time repeating the words " cedo bonis." No persons have ever been more delighted with antiquities of their own manufacture than the Paduans. The Gothic tomb of Antenor attracted for a long period their patriotic veneration; and the house in which Livy was born was exhibited with pride to the stranger. "In this town," says Evelyn, "is the house in which Titus Livius was borne, full of inscriptions, and pretty faire." Coryate likewise visited this mansion in 1608, and has given, in his usual quaint style, the reasons for his belief in its genuineness. "Amongst other very worthy monuments and antiquities which I saw in Padua, the house of Titus Livius was not the meanest for had it beene much worse than it was, I should have esteemed it precious, because it bred the man whom I do as much esteeme, and whose memory I as greatly honour, as any ethnic historiographer whatsoever, either Greeke or Latin; having sometimes heretofore, in my youth, not a little recreated myself with the reading of his learned and plausible histories. But seeing, I now enter into some discourse of Livie's house, methinks I heare some carpinge criticke object unto me, that I do in this one point play the part of a traveller, that is, I tell a lie; for how is it possible (perhaps he will say) that Livie's house should stand to this day, since that yourself before have written that Padua hath beene eftsoones sacked and consumed with fire? How cometh it to passe that Livie's house should be more priviledged from the fury of the fire than other private houses of the citie? I answer thee, that it is very probable this building, whereof I now speake, may be the very house of Livie himself, notwithstanding that Padua hath been often razed and fired." Omitting, how ever, his arguments here, he thus concludes. "For the very same house, wherein he lived with his family (as many worthy persons did confidently report unto me) and wrote many of his excellent histories with almost an incomparable and inimitable style, I saw, to my great joy, being in a certain street as you go from the Domo, which is the cathedrall church, to the gate Saint Johanna." The palace of the university, from the designs of Palladio, is built in a quadrangular form, with arcades round the central court. It contains the public schools or lecture-rooms, a theatre of anatomy, and a museum of natural history. The university of Padua, though inferior in point of antiquity to that of Bologna, was yet founded at a very early period, and reckons amongst its scholars some of the most celebrated men of Italy and of other nations. Dante, Petrarch (who afterwards, for some time, resided in this city), and Tasso all prosecuted their studies at this university; whose schools during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were filled with disciples from the remotest parts of Europe. Here, too, Galileo taught. At one period there are said to have been no less than 200 of the German youth studying jurisprudence in the schools of Padua. The names and arms of those who have taken degrees at the university may still be seen on its walls, and amongst them may be found many names from England and from Scotland. Te, septicornis Danubii accola, Te fulva potant flumina qui Tagi, Cultum animi ad capiendum adibant. In the present age many highly distinguished men have studied or taught at Padua. Her schools may boast of Foscolo as a student, and of Sibiliato, Brazuolo, Cesarotti, Facciolati, and Forcellini as teachers. Amongst the celebrated men of our own nation who have studied at this university, was the great Harvey, for whom is claimed the merit of having been the first to discover the circulation of the blood. At the age of nineteen he became a pupil of the very learned Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente, for whom, in his writings, he always expresses the highest regard. In the year 1602 Harvey was created doctor of physic and of surgery in this university. Chaucer, too, is said to have passed some time at Padua, though it does not appear that he resided there as a student. Goldsmith spent six months at this university, and has been supposed by some of his biographers to have taken his degree here. Padua, like Bologna, can boast that her schools have been adorned by many learned and accomplished women. Of these no one attained a higher reputation than Lucrezia Elena Cornaro, a Venetian lady of a noble family, the daughter of a procurator of St. Mark. She acquired an accurate knowledge of the Spanish, French, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, and had some acquaintance with the Arabic. Her knowledge of all the scholastic sciences was extensive; and possessing a talent for poetry, she composed verses, which she sung to her harp. So deeply also was she versed in theological studies that the university of Padua were desirous of enrolling her amongst the doctors of theology, but this proceeding was opposed by the bishop. She was, however, honoured with the cap of doctor of philosophy, which was bestowed M upon her in 1678, in the cathedral of Padua, no other building being sufficiently capacious to accommodate the crowds who assembled to witness the ceremony. The university of Padua was formerly distinguished, not only by the learning, but also by the riotous conduct of its alumni. This arose principally from the great number of students of different nations who were congregated within its walls. "I heard," says Coryate, "that when the number of students is full, there are at the least one thousand five hundred here; the principal faculties that are professed at the university being physicke and civil law; and more students of forrain and remote nations doe live in Padua, than in any one university of Christendome. For hither come in, many from France, high Germany, the Netherlands, England, &c. who, with great desire, flocke together to Padua for good letters sake, as to a fertile nursery, and sweet emporium and mart town of learning." Evelyn, during his travels in Italy, matriculated at this university, resolving to spend some months here in studying physic and anatomy, sciences of which Padua then possessed the most celebrated professors. He found "the streets very dangerous when the evenings grow dark." "Nor is it," he continues, "easy to reform their intolerable usage, when there are so many strangers of several nations." Misson, who visited Padua in 1688, gives the following account of the disorders of which the students were guilty. "These scholars have a custom of going abroad, armed, in the night-time, in whole troops, and lurking between the pillars of these piazzas, assault such as happen to pass by that way; for whilst one asks |