1584. Ernest-Frederick: he died without issue;
and was succeeded by his brother,
1604. George-Frederick, who gave up the go-
vernment to his son,

1622. Frederick V.: succeeded by his son,
1659. Frederick VI.: succeeded by his son,
1677. Frederick (VII.) Magnus: he died in 1709, 1811.
and was succeeded by his son,

1709. Charles III., who built, in 1715, the city

of Carlsruhe: his only son, Frederick, died vitâ patris, leaving two young princes, the elder of whom succeeded. 1746. Charles-Frederick, grandson of Charles III.; born in 1728; constituted an elector of the empire in 1803, with the dignity of grand-duke.

GRAND-DUKES.

1830.

reached the age of 83, and died, after a reign of 65 years, in 1811.

[His eldest son lost his life by a fall from

his carriage while in Sweden, in 1801, and Charles-Frederick was succeeded by his grandson.] Charles-Louis-Frederick. This prince married, in 1806, Stephanie-Louisa de la Pagerie, niece of the empress Josephine and adopted daughter of the emperor Napoleon, of France: he was succeeded by his uncle,

no

1818. Louis-William-Augustus, who had issue; and was succeeded by his brother, Charles-Leopold-Frederick, March 30,1830. The PRESENT (1850) Grand-Duke. Charles-Leopold Frederick, the reigning grandduke, was formerly count of Hochberg, and eldest of the sons of Charles-Louis-Frederick (last grand. duke but one) who were raised, by patent of right of succession, Oct. 4, 1817, to the rank of mar. graves of Baden, with the title of "Royal Highness." The GRAND-DUKE. Charles-Leopold-Frederick, born Aug. 29, 1790; married, July 25, 1819, Sophia-Wilhelmina (born May 21, 1801), daughter of the late Gustavus-Adolphus, king of Sweden; and has issue:

1803. Charles-Frederick, above-mentioned; the first grand-duke. This excellent prince

1. Alexandrina-Louisa-Amelia-Frederica, born Dec. 6, 1820; married to the reigning duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

2. Louis, hereditary grand-duke, born Aug. 15, 1824.

3. Frederick-William-Louis, born Sept. 9, 1826.

4. Louis-William-Augustus, born Dec. 18, 1829.

5. Charles-Frederick-Gustavus-William, born March 9, 1832.

6. Mary-Amelia, born Nov. 20, 1834.

7. Cecilia-Augusta, born Sept. 20, 1839.

BROTHERS:

1. William-Louis-Augustus, born April 8, 1792; married, Oct. 16, 1830, Elizabeth-Alexandrina-Constance (born Feb. 27, 1802), daughter of the late Louis-Frederick-Alexander, duke of Wurtemburg; and has issue, three daughters.

2. Maximilian-Frederick-John-Ernest, born Dec. 8, 1796.

SISTER. Amelia-Christina-Caroline, born Jan. 26, 1795; married, April 19, 1818, Charles-Egon de

Furstenberg.

HUNGARY.

THIS country, which was chiefly the ancient Pannonia, was reduced by Tiberius to the Roman power a few years before the Christian era. About the middle of the 4th century it was seized by the Huns, a ferocious tribe of Scythians, headed by Attila, whose dreadful ravages obtained him the appellation of the "Scourge of God." These savage hordes were afterwards driven northwards, but returned, and made their settlement here under the name of Hungarians. In later times they have been much intermixed with Sclavonic nations, as Bohemians, Croats, and Russians, and with German settlers, as Austrians, Styrians, Franks, and Suabians. Hungary was annexed to the German empire under Charlemagne, but it became an independent kingdom in the 10th century.

KINGS OF HUNGARY.

997. Stephen, duke of Hungary; he establishes | 1064. Salamon, son of Andrew.

the Roman Catholic religion, and re-
ceives from the pope the title of Apos-
tolic King, still borne by the emperor
of Germany, as king of Hungary.

1038. Peter, the German: deposed.
1041. Aba or Owen.

1075. Geisa I., son of Bela.
1077. Ladislas I., surnamed the Pious.
1095. Coloman, son of Geisa.
1114. Stephen, surnamed Thunder.
1131. Bela II.: had his eyes put out.
1141. Geisa II.: succeeded by his son,

1044. Peter, again: again deposed, and his eyes 1161. Stephen III.: succeeded by his brother,

put out.

1047. Andrew I.: deposed.

1174. Bela III.: succeeded by his son,
1196. Emeric: succeeded by his son,

1061. Bela I.: killed by the fall of a ruinous 1204. Ladislas II.; reigned six months only

tower.

succeeded by

1205. Andrew II., son of Bela III.
1235. Bela IV.

1270. Stephen IV., his son.
1272. Ladislas III.: killed.

1290. Andrew III., surnamed the Venetian, son
of Rodolph of Hapsburg, emperor of
Germany.

1309. Charobert, or Charles-Robert.
1342. Louis the Great; elected king of Poland in
1370.

1382. Mary, called King Mary, daughter of Louis
the Great.

1392. Mary and her consort Sigismund, who became king of Bohemia, and was elected emperor of Germany in 1410.

1437. Albert, duke of Austria; married the daughter of Sigismund, and succeeded to the thrones of Hungary, Bohemia, and Germany.

1440. Ladislas IV. king of Poland, of which kingdom he was Ladislas VI.

Ferdinand IV.: died in 1654, three years

Leopold I., son of Ferdinand III.; emperor
before his father.
in 1658.

1711. Charles (Charles VI. of Germany), brother
1687. Joseph I., his son; emperor in 1705.
of Joseph, and nominal king of Spain:
succeeded by his daughter,
Maria-Theresa, empress: survived her
consort, Francis I. emperor, from 1765
until 1780. See Germany.

1740.

1444.

[Interregnum.]

1780.

1458. Matthias-Corvinus, son of Huniades, the late regent.

1453. Ladislas V., posthumous son of Albert, under the guardianship of the great Huniades poisoned.

1790.

1792.

1490. Ladislas VI., king of Bohemia: the emperor Maximilian laid claim to both kingdoms.

1835.

1516. Louis II. of Hungary (I. of Bohemia): loses his life at the battle of Mohatz, fighting against the Turkish emperor Solyman the Magnificent.

1526.

[In this battle 12,000 Hungarians were
slain, 200,000 were carried away cap-
tive, and the king, falling from his horse
into a muddy rivulet, was drowned.]
John Zapolski, elected by the Hunga-
rians, and supported by the sultan
Solyman, and

Ferdinand I., king of Bohemia, brother
to the emperor, Charles V.; rival
kings.

1848.

Joseph II., her son, emperor in 1765: succeeded to Hungary on the death of his mother.

Leopold II., brother of Joseph II., emperor: succeeded by his son,

Francis I. (Francis II. as emperor of Ger-
many): in 1804 he became emperor of
Austria only.

Ferdinand V., son of Francis. Ferdinand
I. as emperor of Austria.

[This emperor would have been Ferdinand
IV. of Germany, but for the change of
style in 1804.]
Francis-Joseph, nephew of the preceding;
succeeded on the abdication of his uncle,
Dec. 2, 1848. The PRESENT (1850) King
of Hungary and Emperor of Austria.

For the last three centuries the succession of the
kings of Hungary varies little from the succes-
sion of the emperors, the crown having continued
in the house of Austria.

BOHEMIA.

ANCIENTLY Boiemum and Boihemum.-Tacitus. So called from a tribe under the name of Boii, which settled in the country several centuries before the Christian era. The Boii were expelled by the Marcomanni, and fixed themselves in Boiaria, now Bavaria; but their conquerors, in their turn, were subdued by the Sclavonians. Notwithstanding the expulsion of the first settlers, the present inhabitants are still called Bohemians. Bohemia had formerly an elective government, but Ferdinand I. declared it hereditary in the house of Austria in 1547; and the kingdom may be said to have remained since that time in the undisturbed possession of the emperor.'

1 In the early part of the 17th century, the Bohemians made an attempt to shake off the imperial yoke, and offered the crown to the elector palatine Frederick, then the most powerful Protestant prince in Germany; but he was driven out of Bohemia by the emperor's generals, stripped of his other dominions, and obliged to depend on James I. of England, whose daughter Elizabeth he had married, for a scanty subsistence.

THE Poles were originally a tribe of Sclavonians, settled on the banks of the Danube, but they removed at an early period to the Vistula, where they became intermingled with the Goths. Their early history is very obscure, and is known chiefly by the accounts of writers of other nations. The country was for a long time governed by elective chiefs bearing the title of duke, no dynasty having been established before the sway of Piastus (842) whose family ruled for several centuries. The crown became afterwards strictly elective by a Diet, or assembly of the nobles, who chose from among themselves a king, upon every vacancy occasioned on the throne by death; but since the dismemberment of Poland, each portion has been under the sovereignty of the power by which it was seized.

842. Piastus.

861. Ziemovitus, his son. 892. Lesko or Lescus IV.

DUKES AND KINGS OF POLAND.

913. Ziemomislas, son of Lesko. 964. Miecislas I.

992. Boleslas I., surnamed the Lion-hearted; obtained the title of king from the emperor Otho III.

1025. Miecislas II.

but the latter was again forced to resign.

1203. Ladislas III.: retired.

1206. Lesko V., a third time: assassinated; suc-
ceeded by his son, an infant.

1227. Boleslas V., surnamed the Chaste.
1279. Lesko VI., surnamed the Black.
1289. [Interregnum.]

1295. Premislas: assassinated.

1034. Richense or Richsa, his consort, regent: 1296. Ladislas IV., the Short: deposed.

driven from the government.

1037. [Interregnum.]

1041. Casimir I., her son, surnamed the Pacific;
he had retired to a monastery, but was
invited to the throne.

1058. Boleslas II., styled the Intrepid.
1081. Ladislas, called the Careless.
1102. Boleslas III., surnamed Wry-mouth.
1138. Ladislas II., son of the preceding.
1146. Boleslas IV., the Curled.

1173. Miecislas III., the Old: deposed.

1177. Casimir II., surnamed the Just.

1194. Lesko V., the White: relinquished.

1200. Miecislas IV.: his tyranny restored Lesko,

1300. Wenceslas, king of Bohemia.
1304. Ladislas, the Short, again.

1333. Casimir III., the Great, one of the best
princes of Poland: killed by a fall from
his horse.

1370. Louis, king of Hungary.

1382. [Interregnum.]

1385. Hedwige, daughter of Louis, and her consort, Jagello, duke of Lithuania, by the style of Ladislas V.

1399. Ladislas V. alone: he united Lithuania to

Poland.

1434. Ladislas VI., his son; succeeded as king of Hungary 1440.

1492. John (Albert) I., his son.

the preceding.

1669. Michael-Koributh-Wiesnowiski: in this

reign the Cossacks join the Turks, and ravage Poland.

1501. Alexander, prince of Livonia, brother of 1674. John III., Sobieski; an illustrious warrior,

1506. Sigismund I., brother of Alexander; ob

tained the surname of Great. 1548. Sigismund II., Augustus, son of the last king; a splendid reign; added Livonia to his kingdom. 1573. [Interregnum.] 1574. Henry, duke of Anjou, brother to the king of France: he afterwards succeeded to the French throne.

1575. Stephen Batthori, prince of Transylvania:
established the Cossacks as a militia.

1586. [Interregnum.]
1587. Sigismund III., son of the king of Sweden,
to the exclusion of Maximilian of Austria,
elected by the nobles.
1632. Ladislas VII., Vasa, son of Sigismund III.;
succeeded by his brother,
1648. John II., or Casimir V.: abdicated, and
retired to France, where he died in
1672.

1668. [Interregnum.]

RUSSIA.

ANCIENTLY Sarmatia and Scythia.-Herodotus. Peopled by numerous tribes who were comprehended in the general name of Scythians by the Romans. Rurick was great duke in the 9th century; and Vladimir or Waldimir, called the Apostle and the Solomon of Russia, was the first Christian sovereign in the 10th. His marriage with Ann, sister to the Eastern emperors Basil and Constantine, led to the adoption of the doctrines of the Greek Church in his dominions. The history of Russia previous to the last three or four centuries is involved in much obscurity, and it does not appear that any of the states existing in this vast tract of country were considerable, or that the events connected with them differed much from those of other barbarous nations.

972. Jaropalk I.

1177. Wsewolod III.

1213.

Jurie or George II.
Constantine, until 1218.

1238. Jaraslaw II.; succeeded by his son,

1245. Alexander Nevski or Newski, the Saint. 1263. Jaraslaw III.

980. Vladimir, Wladimir, or Waldimir I., styled 1270. Vasali or Basil I.

the Great.

1277. Dmitri or Demetrius I.

1284. Andrew II.

1294. *Daniel Alexandrowitz.

1302. *Jurie or George III.: deposed.
1305. Michael III.

1320. *Vasali or Basil II.

1325. Jurie or George III.: restored.

GRAND-DUKES OF Moscow.

1328. Ivan or John I.

1340. Simon, surnamed the Proud.
1353. Ivan or John II.

1359. Demetrius II., prince of Susdal.

1362. Demetrius III., Donskoi.

1389. *Vasali or Basil III. Temnoi.
1425. Vasali or Basil IV.

1462. Ivan (Basilovitz) or John III.: laid the
foundation of the present monarchy.

Catherine I., his consort; at first the wife of a Swedish dragoon, who is said to have been killed on the day of marriage.

1727. Peter II., son of Alexis-Petrowitz and grandson of Peter the Great: deposed. Anne, duchess of Courland, daughter of the czar Ivan.

1730.

1740.

1741.

1762.

1613. Michael-Federowitz, of the house of Ro- 1762. manof, descended from the czar JohnBasilovitz.

1645. Alexis, son of the preceding, styled the 1796.

Father of his country.

1676. Feodor or Theodore II.

1682.

Ivan IV. and

Peter I., brothers of the preceding.
EMPERORS.

1689. Peter I. the Great, alone; took the title of

emperor in 1721, founded St. Petersburg,
and elevated the empire.

1801.

1825.

Ivan VI., an infant, grand-nephew to Peter

the Great immured in a dungeon for 18 years; murdered in 1762. Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, reigned during Ivan's captivity. Peter III., son of Anne and of CharlesFrederick, duke of Holstein-Gottorp: deposed, and died soon after, supposed to have been murdered.

Catharine II., his consort; a great sovereign; extended the Russian territories on all sides: died in 1796.

Paul, her son: found dead in his chamber;

supposed to have been murdered. Alexander, his son; who after many adverse battles, and a forced alliance with France, at length aided in the overthrow of Napoleon Buonaparte. Nicholas, brother to Alexander; succeeded to the throne, Dec. 1, 1825. The PRESENT (1850) Emperor of Russia.

The EMPEROR. Nicholas I. Paulowitch, born July 6 (June 25), 1796; succeeded his brother, the emperor Alexander, Dec. 1 (Nov. 19), 1825, en vertu du manifeste du 28 (16) Août 1823, et de l'acte par lequel le grand-duc Constantin renonçait à ses droits au trône;" crowned Sept. 3 (Aug. 22), 1826; married, July 13 (1), 1817, Alexandra-Feodorowna (previously Frederica-LouisaCharlotte-Wilhelmina (born July 13 (2), 1798), daughter of the late Frederick-William III., king of Prussia; and has issue:

1. Alexander-Nicolaewitch, césarewitch and hereditary grand-duke, born 29 (17) April, 1818; married, April 28 (16), 1841, Cesarewna-Alexandrowna, previously MaximilianaWilhelmina-Augusta-Sophia-Mary (born Aug. 8, 1824), daughter of the late Louis, grand-duke of Hesse; and has issue:

I. Nicolas-Alexandrewitch, born Sept. 20 (8), 1843.

II. Alexander-Alexandrewitch, born March 10 (Feb. 26), 1845.

III. Vladimir-Alexandrewitch, born April 22 (10), 1847.

2. Mary-Nicolaewna, born Aug. 18 (6), 1819; married, July 14 (2), 1839, to Maximilian, duke of Leuchtenberg and prince of D'Eichstädt.

3. Olga-Nicolaewna, born Sept. 11 (Aug. 31), 1822; married, July 13 (1), 1846, to the princeroyal of Wurtemberg.

4. Constantine-Nicolaewitch, born Sept. 21 (9), 1827; married, Sept. 11 (Aug. 31), 1848, Alexander-Jossefowna, previously Alexandrina-Frederica-Henrietta-Pauline (born July 20 (8), 1830), daughter of Joseph, duke of Saxe-Altenburg.

5. Nicolas-Nicolaewitch, born Aug. 8 (July 27), 1831.

6. Michael-Nicolaewitch, born Oct. 25 (13), 1832.

BROTHER and SISTERS:

1. Mary-Paulowna, grand-duchess of Saxe-Weimar.

2. Anne-Paulowna, widow of William II., king of the Netherlands, who died March 17, 1849. 3. Michael-Paulowitch, born Feb. 8 (Jan. 28), 1798; died Sept. 9, 1849. His widow, HelenePaulowna, previously Frederica-Charlotte-Mary, is the daughter of prince Paul, of Wurtemberg, brother of the king. Her daughter is Catharine-Michaelowna, born Aug. 28 (16), 1827.

ROME.

ONCE the mistress of the world, and subsequently the seat of the most extensive ecclesiastical jurisdiction ever acknowledged by mankind. Rome was first governed by kings, who ruled for a period of 243 years. It afterwards became a commonwealth, which existed under consuls 479 years. The Roman empire commonly dates from 31 B. C., the year wherein (Sept. 2.) was fought the battle of Actium, which gave to Augustus (the title afterwards conferred by the senate upon Octavius Cæsar) the supreme power. We shall commence our account with the kings of Rome, as these are, not unfrequently, the subjects of historical reference.