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how it may be, any woman of heretofore | amounts to one hundred thousand francs good character detected in a petit lar- a year-this, too, in one of the best ceny had best be freed. These remarks policed cities in the world. In certain do not bear on professional shop-lifters, courts lawyers have recalled singularly known to the police, and keepers of suggestive facts; for instance, the history fences, better known as pawn-brokers, of small stores badly injured by the usually licensed by the States to receive action of owners of great department stolen goods, who divide rewards be- stores, who undersell articles at such tween thieves and so-called detective low prices that they alone in the end agencies. hold the trade of the entire neighborhood, to the detriment of all other tradesmen."

"There are different varieties of petty thievery," continued the detective. "Our forefathers told us not to take a Thus went on my friend the detecpin, but in our forefathers' days the tive, who evidently holds the socialistic women had no great department stores ideas in opposition to monopolies, held to visit. The modern kleptomaniac who by all those who do not draw monopofrequents bargain sales is not a profes-listic profits. But the question is, howsional thief; the professional thief always steals to sell the goods. The kleptomaniac steals from seduction, for her own pleasure or personal adornment. Kleptomaniacs, as a rule, are selfish and stingy in their own homes. Can such women be condemned as ordinary, common shop-lifters?

"A medical congress says, no. It has been agreed that temptation is a disease, and it is the showy stores that give this disease. We know other paradoxes as discussable as this one. It would seeem as though each epoch brings with the false wants that it creates, evils that rapidly spread out and become endemic. These sins, ignored by our ancestors, excite much more indignation than the old and familiar sins, for there were no dry-goods stores and bargain-counters in the time of the original Eve, who, modest old girl, was content with one fig leaf, worn very lightly at that, and not adapted for bicycle wear and tear.

"Theft in modern department stores has taken on, as before said, an endemic character; it has become enough of a medical matter to receive treatment by doctors' conventions. Some very severe things were said at this convention, too, regarding the owners of the immense bazaars now daily crowded by women the world over-women, too often, too, who avoid the duties of home and maternity to loiter around bazaar-counters. These bazaars realize all the benefits of profits and loss. In Paris alone the loss from thefts in some of such stores

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ever, shall the law punish, with grave penalties-penalties, too, of the most dishonorable kind-a crime provoked by the complaint itself?

Shall arrests on mere suspicion be tolerated on the part of storekeepers, which on several occasions in London have been proven to be done for blackmailing purposes? Should not all keepers of large department stores be obliged to keep numerous uniformed police on duty, or shall society establish a minimum of repression for such modern offenses against common law? These are a few of the questions to be proposed at the next general conference. Meantime, physicians the world over should have a say in this chapter, that belongs by rights, however, to doctors of law, who, for the most part, still cling to old Roman traditions. To such we say, "Justice, thou art only a word." With different temperaments a uniform penalty will never be equitable.

In conclusion, let us quote the following lines from Dr. Lacassagne (Lyon Médicale, December 6, 1896):

"These large department stores," says Lacassagne, "constitute a real danger for weak-minded and delicate persons. Many women who never took anything that did not belong to them in their lives, and who never would steal, find themselves almost tempted to do wrong. This is a truly diabolical temptation. It is evident that at certain houses there are too few clerks to wait on the large crowds of customers, who, meantime, stand handling the goods on

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the counters. A number of store in- | of these "curers' was found guilty of spectors should be appointed, who, selling nostrums for all diseases, and instead of being concealed, like detec- prognosticating marvelous cures. tives, should wear a conspicuous uni- was sentenced to four years imprisonform. Such men, placed at every ment, a fine of $750, and his rights of counter, would soon stop kleptomania. citizenship were suspended for five years. The fear of a police uniform is the com- If we had such laws in this country to mencement of prudence and honesty!" deal with this class of "humbugs," it might serve to protect both the community at large and the profession.Atlantic Med. Weekly.

Dr. Regnault, in the Review of Hypnotism, has studied the question of the rôle played by suggestion on society. He shows that the knowledge of this factor, by suggestion, comes to meet the Spencerian theory of laisser faire, laisser passer. It is very unfavorable for any society to either provoke the passion of gambling or the attraction of debauchery. When your Washington is run by your Wall Street, New York, one is not prone to believe in the honesty of the best of Republics.

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New Series Vol. XXXVIII.

A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF

MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

CINCINNATI, JUNE 19, 1897.

Original Articles.

ALBUMINURIA OF PREG

NANCY.1

BY M. A. TATE, M.D.,
CINCINNATI.

Albuminuria is a symptom of great importance, and may be a fore-warner to a very grave condition, viz., eclampsia. Its true value is often overlooked, and not until we are brought directly in contact with cases of eclampsia do we realize its significance. The lack of imterst in cases in which traces of albumen are found is a serious mistake, and often too late does the practitioner see the result of his unpardonable carelessness.

ETIOLOGY.

We are to-day very little more advanced as to the causation of albuminuria than were our forefathers. Many theories have been advanced, accepted and then rejected, because none of them answer satisfactorily all cases. The importance of headache and edematous swelling of the legs in pregnant women during the latter months of pregnancy does not receive its true value as a starting-point towards eclampsia. It may often be observed that albumen will appear in the urine of a pregnant woman, where there is a disproportion between the abdominal cavity and the gravid uterus, as in multiple pregnancies, and convulsions are ten times more frequent than in single births.

At one time there was quite a discussion as to the relationship between

1 Read before the Academy of Medicine of Cincinnati, May 17, 1897.

Whole Volume LXXVII.

nephritic conditions and diseases of the placenta, brought before us by Fehling, but now, although albumen may appear in the urine, and the patient have some degenerative process of the placenta, its being directly the cause is of an extremely doubtful nature.

There is no doubt that the aggravation of the nervous phenonema induced by pregnancy, may play some rôle in the causation of albuminuria, as reflex disturbances may be directly carried to the kidneys from the uterus, through the ovarian plexus and nervous ganglia of the pelvis. This reflex irritation may explain why albuminuria occurs in early pregnancy, no other cause being assigned or determined upon.

The theory based upon the postmortem changes supposed to follow some mechanical obstruction to the ureters, due possibly to pressure of the enlarged uterus, causing an impediment to the free discharge of urine, is now nearly discarded as of little importance.

The changes which take place in the circulatory apparatus are of great interest, as there is a very pertinent relation between the increased arterial tension, with its heightened blood-pressure, and albuminuria, as the latter disappears when the tension is reduced after labor.

In broad terms, we may say a convulsion is of renal origin when casts are found in the sediment of urine. The greater the amount of albumen, and especially if it contain casts, the longer it takes to subside; but if albuminous without casts, the subsidence is very rapid after labor.

The most important theory is that of pressure of the gravid uterus on the renal vessels (especially the veins), producing congestion of the kidneys. This had the support of such men as Simpson, Carl Brown and Cazeaux. More com

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