likewise applied to Constantinople, which was also not unfrequently styled another, or the Lesser Rome. Finally, Rome was styled a Goddess, and as such had temples, not only in the provinces, but within itself.

1) Cf. Macrob. Saturn. 3, 9; Plin. H. N. 3, 5; Serv. ad Æn. 1,277. 2) Cf. Creuz. Abriss d. rom. Antiqq. § 14. 3) Cf. Cæs. B. G. 1, 7; Hor. Epod. 9, 9. So also the expression" ad urbem esse,” (§ 179.) 4) Cf. Tac. Ann. 4, 37. 56; Claud. de Laud. Stil. 2, 242; and Rutil. Itiner. v. 47.

ers 2.

40. Even the ancients were not agreed as to who were the first inhabitants of Rome, although the two most current opinions were, that they were either colonists from Alba Longa1, or a medley horde of freebootModern writers are as much at variance on this point as on any other whatever, some asserting Rome to have had a Celtic, some a Greek or Pelasgic, and others an Etrurian origin. The latter notion has found many supporters, and amongst them Niebuhr, who, however, has since altered his opinion3. One thing is however certain, namely, that Rome was at the first of so small extent as to be confined to the Palatine Mount, and this insignificance of its first original has given occasion to some of the sweetest productions of her poets. It is said to have been in shape foursquare; and the ancient legend was, that its walls or circuit (circuitus) were marked out by Romulus with a plough drawn by an ox and a cow, agreeably to an ancient Etruscan rite 5. Antiquarians inform us that the Romans always founded their colonies in that shape, and marked out the limits with the same ceremony. A question has been started whether this earliest nucleus of Rome was what came afterwards to be called the oppidum3.

1) Cf. Cic. de Rep. 2, 2; Creuz. § 13. 2) Cf. Juven. 8, 272. 3) Creuzer, who, in his Antiquities, often dismisses a subject with a mere question, and even so is of great use to such as are in doubt,

inquires, when on this subject (§ 13), whether Rome was a colony from Cære, and its inhabitants thence called Quirites? or whether the Patricians only were so called, being a priestly caste, from Etruria (cf. Compend. § 185)? or whether the first citizens enrolled by Romulus were exclusively Etrurians? and again, whether Rome was of a Grecian origin, or Pelasgic? 197, sqq.; Prop. 1. 4. eleg. 1 and 4. verse of Ennius: "Ecquis nunc curat Cf. Solin. c. 2; Nard. R. vetus 1, 2. sqq.; Plut. Rom. pag. 23; Fest. in Rituales." p. 223. 8) Cf. Liv. 42, 20. 36.

4) See Ovid. Fast. 1, 5) Hence the well known Romæ regnare quadratæ ?" 6) Cf. Ovid. Fast. 4, 819, 7) Cf. Nieb. v. 1.

41. Rome lay in Latium (§ 13), on the confines of Etruria and the Sabine territory, sixteen miles from the sea coast1. Whether its site was chosen designedly, or fixed on at random, whether it was a fertile or a healthy spot, or otherwise, are points keenly disputed by the ancients, and variously determined by them 2. The river Tiber, which, rising in the Appenines, falls into the Tuscan sea at Ostia, flowed in a tortuous course through the city, forming an island in it; although only a very small portion of it, and that built long after the rest, stood on the right bank of the river. The hills contiguous to the Palatine Mount were successively added to the city by the kings, although the exact periods of each addition are not known. Servius enclosed all the seven within one rampart; hence the festival of the Septimontium3, and the epithet Septicollis, and the numerous allusions to this peculiarity of situation found in the poets. The names of those hills are mostly of uncertain origin; they were the Palatine, Capitoline, Cœlian, Aventine, Esquiline, Viminalis, and Quirinal. The Palatine was also called Palatium, a corruption, as some think, of Pallantium (§ 37), which is reported to have been the name of a town on that hill, so called either after a town of Arcadia, or after Pallas, the son of Evander. Those who reject the tale of Evander's settlement, naturally adopt other explanations; among which we find one from

the bleating of flocks (balare, balans), and the other from the goddess Pales 5. The Palatium was at all events the cradle of Rome, and on it stood the royal dwelling of the Cæsars, from Augustus downwards, where now are the gardens of the Farnese. The imperial residence was called the Palatium, from the name of the hill, and to it moderns owe the word Palace.

66

1) See Plin. H. N. 3, 5. 2) Cf. Cic. de Republ. 2, 3. 6; Dionys. 8, 8; Creuz. § 16. 3) Cf. Varro, de L. L. 1. 5. p. 49; Plut. Q. R. 69; Fest. in Septimontio et Septimontium. 4) See Tib. 2, 5, 57; Ovid. Trist. 1, 4, 67, sqq.; Virg. Georg. 2, 534. 5) Cf. Fest. in Palatium; Varro de L. L. 1. 4. p. 16. Among other remarks he has the following: Quod palantes cum Evandro venerunt, aut quod Palatini, qui et Aborigines, ex agro reatino, qui adpellatur palatium, ibi consederunt. Sed hoc alii a Palatia, uxore Latini, putarunt. Eundem hunc locum a pecore dictum putant quidam. Itaque Nævius Balantium adpellat. 6) See Ros. 1. 1. c. 4. paralip.

42. The Capitoline was divided from the Palatine by the Forum Romanum, and took its name from the Capitolium or temple of Jupiter, which the ancients said was so called from the incident of finding a human head when excavations were made for laying the foundations1. The same hill was also called Saturnius, from Saturn; and Tarpeius, from the maid Tarpeia2. It was considered to consist of four parts, the Tarpeium (Saxum), a rocky precipice on the side of the Tiber3; the Intermontium was the space between the two summits, one of which was called the Arx, the other the Capitolium, but in course of time Arx, or citadel, denoted both1.

The Coelian hill lay eastward of the Palatine, and had its name from Cole Vibenna, an Etruscan chieftain; Tiberius called it Augustus. It is now known as the Lateran, from the church dedicated to St. Lateranus, and from the ancient Roman gens of that name. Distinct from the Mons Cœlius was the Coliolus, or Lesser Cœlius".

2)

1) Cf. Varro de L. L. 4. p. 13; Arnob. adv. Gent. 1. 6. See Prop. 1. 4. eleg. 4; Liv. 1, 11. 3) Cf. Plut. Rom. 17. 4) Cf. Creuz. § 19. 5) Cf. Varro, p. 14; Tac. Ann. 4, 64. 6) See Tac. ib. and Suet. Tib. 48. 7) Cf. Juven. Sat. 10, 17. 8) Cf. Mart. 12, 18. We find in Creuzer, § 20, that the addition of the Mons Cœlius to the city was ascribed to Romulus (Dionys. 2. p. 113), to Tullus Hostilius (Liv. 1, 30), to Ancus Martius (Strabo, 5. p. 358, p. 162; Cic. de Republ. 2, 18), and lastly, to Tarquinius Priscus (Tac. Ann. 4, 64. 65). From this discrepancy we may expect the same uncertainty respecting the addition of the other hills, and learn how difficult it is in matters of antiquarian research to arrive at the truth, even in cases in which it may be ascertained, and is worth ascertaining.

43. The Aventine, which lay between the M. Cœlius, the Tiber, and the M. Palatinus, is said to have been assigned by Ancus Martius as a residence for the conquered Latins. Creuzer considers that it is still doubtful whether it was enclosed within the original walls of Rome, or not comprised within the pomœrium till the time of Claudius1. It was more originally known as the Mons Murcius, from the temple of Murcia2, and the name Aventinus is variously derived, from one Aventinus a king of the Albani, from the birds (aves) of which it was the resort, from a stream called Avens, not to mention other proposed etymologies. It was also called the Hill of Diana, from a temple to that goddess standing on it. On it were also the famed cave of Cacus, and the altar of Evander. The Mons Esquilinus (Exq. Esquilia) was the largest of the Roman hills, and situate between the Coelian, Viminal, and Palatine mounts, bounding the original wall on the east, and added to the city, it is said, by Servius Tullius. Its name has been traced from the nightly guard excubia, said to have been posted there by Romulus, from the quisquiliæ or rubbish commonly cast out there, and from the beech trees, asculi, with which it was overgrown: the most probable, in my opinion, of all the etymologies proposed. It is in our days remarkable for churches and palaces. The Mons Viminalis,

between the Esquiline and Quirinal hills, is thought to have had its name from the osier (vimine) which grew on it, or from Jupiter Vimineus; but one would rather think that the god took his title from the hill. The Quirinal, which lay north of the Viminal hill, bounded the city walls on the east. It is said to have been so called from the Curetes, (settlers from Cures, a town of the Sabines), or from Quirinus (see § 286), whose temple stood on it, and from whom it was also called the Hill of Quirinus 7. Other conjectural derivations have been proposed. It had also the more ancient titles of Agonius and Collinus. It is now called Monte Cavallo, from two antique statues of horses seen on it.

18; Gell. 13, 14; Liv. 1, 33. Varro, 4. p. 14; Serv. ad Æn. 5) See Varro, de L. L. 4. "Esquilias dictumque petunt 7) Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 68: “Cu

1) 21. Cf. Cic. de Republ. 2, 2) Cf. Fest. in Murcia. 3) See 7,657. 4) See Mart. 12, 18, 3. p. 12 and 15. 6) Cf. Juven. 3, 71: a vimine collem." Cf. Varro, p. 15. bat hic in colle Quirini, hic extremo in Aventino."

44. The Collis Hortulorum, and the Vatican and Janiculum, which two last stood on the right bank of the Tiber, were added to the city, and enclosed with walls by the emperor Aurelian. The Collis Hortulorum, between the Quirinal hill and the walls raised by Aurelian, was so called from being the site of the gardens of Sallust; and afterwards was known as the Mons Pincius, from the Pincian family. The Vatican was divided by a dell from the Janiculum, which was bounded by the walls just alluded to, as forming the extreme limits of the city when at its greatest extent1. Some say it was called Vaticanus from being the resort of soothsayers, vates, and the spot where they gave their predictions vaticinia; others imagine it to have its name from a deity called Vaticanus 2. It is now remarkable for the Vatican Library, and the cathedral of St. Peter. The Mons Janiculensis, standing over against the Ca