CONTENTS

PART I

THE SOCIAL POPULATION

I THE MAKE-UP OF THE POPULATION

Sex, 3. Traits of the male community, 7. Influ-

ence of women, 7. Age, 8. Age composition and

the community mind, 11. Nativity, 12. Effect of

heterogeneity on the soul of society, 15. Marital

condition, 16. Normality, 17.

II CITY AND COUNTRY

Swift urbanization, 19.

Causes of urban growth,

20. Make-up of the city population, 22. Folk de-

pletion and rural decay, 24. City soul and rural

soul, 27.

III THE GROWTH OF POPULATION

Sensational lowering of the death rate, 30. How

fast population can grow, 31. Malthus's discov-

ery, 31. Origin of man's excess of fecundity, 32.

Malthus at par again, 33. The fall in the birth

rate, 33. Its causes, 34. Social control of fecun-

dity, 35. National control of immigration inevita-

ble, 36.

PAGE

3

19

30

PART II

SOCIAL FORCES

IV THE ORIGINAL SOCIAL FORCES . .

Misconceptions, 41. Human instincts the original

social forces, 42. Repression or gratification? 43.

Social manifestations of the fighting instinct, 44.

The gregarious instinct, 45. The parental instinct,

46. Curiosity, 47. The instinct of self-expres-

sion, 47. Bootless repression, 47. How modern

society offends against human nature, 49.

41

PAGE

V THE DERIVATIVE SOCIAL FORCES

Roots of the economic interest, 51. Fluctuations

in the value of wealth, 52. What makes wealth

appreciate, 53. Or depreciate, 54. Roots of the

religious interest, 54. Ups and downs of religion,

55. Roots of the political interest, 55. Its fluc-

tuations, 56. Roots of the intellectual interest, 56.

Theories of social determinism, 57.

VI THE RACE FACTOR

• 51

59

Race or social history? 59. Differences in race

psyche, 60. The "Celtic" temperament, 62. Ra-

cial differences in brain power, 63. Luck and his-

tory, 64. Policies which affect race balance, 64.

Dangers in the recognition of race inequality, 66.

VII THE INFLUENCE OF THE GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT 67

Climate and human energy, 67. Climate and poli-

tics, 68. Religion and environment, 69. Sex re-

lations and environment, 70. Nature and govern-

ment, 71. Is the power of environment growing?

71. Man's slow emancipation from geography, 72.

PART III

SOCIAL PROCESSES

VIII PRELIMINARY SOCIALIZATION

Dispersal and social differentiation of man, 78

Assimilation by the physical environment, 80. By

occupation and mode of life, 81. By common ele-

ments of culture, 82. The coming social synthesis

of humanity, 84.

IX THE GENESIS OF SOCIETY

By multiplication, 86. By congregation, 88. By

conjugation, 89. Alliance, 90. Conquest, 90. So-

cial results of conquest, 92. Kinds of societies, 93.

Theories of society, 95.

X ASSOCIATION

66

Effects of solitary confinement, 96. Genius and

solitude, 98. The stimlus from association, 101.

The only" child, 102. Suicide, 104. Social

sympathy, 105. False theories of human nature,

107. The struggle of personalities in association,

109. Manners, 113. The mirrored self, 114.

77

86

96

The instinct of rivalry, 167. Measurement of the

stimulus from competition, 168. Means of gen-

eralizing rivalry, 169. Emulation as a source of

morale, 172. Services of economic competition,

173. Rousing effect of war, 173.

XV ANTAGONISTIC EFFORT

Conflicts of attrition, 176. The excessive cost of

conflict, 177. Eagerness for a quick decision, 178.

Competitive preparedness, 179. Means of avoid-

ing conflict, 179.

XVI PERSONAL COMPETITION

135

158

167

176

181

194

Why class struggle comes and goes, 197. Alter-

nations of social peace with social strife, 198. Tac-

tics and weapons of class struggle, 199. The

stakes of class struggle, 200. Aggravants, 201.

Mitigants, 202. The struggle of classes in mod-

ern society, 205.

'XIX INSTITUTIONAL COMPETITION

Attempt to destroy the competitor, 208. With-

drawal from competition, 211. Constrained adap-

tation, 213. Specialization, 217. Tactics of the

new, 218.

XX ADAPTATION

Incompatible standards, 222. Heterogeneity weak-

ens society, 224. Toleration, 225. How to pro-

mote it, 226. Compromise, 228. Accommoda-

tion, 229. Means of hastening it, 231. Amalga-

mation, 234.

XXI COOPERATION

Fighting, 238. Establishment of tribunals, 240.

Construction of public works, 240. Control of

water, 240. Economic cooperation, 241. Mutual

aid, 243. Voluntary vs. compulsory cooperation,

245. The social division of labor, 246.

XXII THE ORGANIZATION OF EFFORT

The determinants of organization, 251. Its bene-

fits, 257. Its wastes, 258. Its abuses, 260. Its

sacrifices, 262. Preserving freedom under organ-

ization, 262. Its internal problems, 264. Central-

ization, 267.

XXIII THE ORGANIZATION OF WILL

Informal and formal organization, 270. Varieties,

271. The composition of the group as determi-

nant, 272. The purpose of the group as determi-

nant, 275. The nature of the matter to be dealt

with as determinant, 277. Why fighting groups

centralize decision, 279. Self-government and

character, 280.

XXIV THE ORGANIZATION OF THOUGHT

Mental cooperation, 283. Specialization, 284.

Unconscious organization of thought, 285. Con-

PAGE

197

208

222

238

251

269

283

scious organization of thought, 288. Discussion

and disputation, 289. Reading vs. listening, 294.

The planned organization of thought, 295. The

critic, 299.

XXV THE DETERIORATION OF SOCIAL STRUCTURES

Patronage, 300. Corruption, 302. Red tape, 303.

Indifferentism, 304. Formalism, 306.. Obsoles-

cence, 309. Absolutism, 312. Perversion, 315.

Stratified society in Old Babylonia, 321. In the

later Roman Empire, 322. In eighteenth century

France, 323. In Old Japan, 324. In Tsarist Rus-

sia, 324. In Roumania, 325.

XXVII THE RISE OF GROSS INEQUALITIES.

Gradation according to occupation, 343. Honor-

ific employments, 344. Humilific employments,

345. Gradation according to riches, 348. Wealth

inherited outranks wealth acquired, 349. Deriva-

tive criteria of superiority, 350. Results of grada-

tion, 355.

XXIX SECREGATION AND SUBORDINATION

Why birth becomes everything, 358. Separation

of social classes, 359. The lower come into de-

pendence upon the higher, 361. Clientage, 363.

Peonage, 364. Subordination and fixity, 365.

Subordination and character, 366. Subordination

and charity, 367. The fate of closed classes, 368.

PAGE

300

321

326

343

358

370