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Descendants of Sir M. Hale.-Are there any of the descendants of Sir Matthew Hale, the famous judge of the seventeenth century, living either in England or Ireland ? W. A.

A Query for the City Commission. - In the London Gazette of January 23, 1684-5, we read that King Charles II. sent to the Lord Mayor, in a silver box sealed up with his majesty's seal, the receipts of the several cements used by the patentees for making sea-water fresh; as also the receipt of their metallic composition and ingredients, certified under the hand of the Hon. Robert Boyle, to be kept so sealed up by the present and succeeding lord mayors, lest a secret of so great importance to the public might come to be lost, if lodged only in the knowledge of a few persons therein concerned.

It is to be hoped that the commissioners who are now engaged in investigating the affairs of the Corporation of London, will not fail in making inquiry of the present Lord Mayor after this silver box, committed so carefully to City preservation. H. E. Cross-legged Monumental Figures. — Are any instances of the cross-legged figures, so common in England, to be seen in the churches of France, Italy, or Spain? and if so, where may engravings of them be found? J. Y. Muffins and Crumpets. Can any of your readers tell me the origin of the names muffins and crumpets," and by whom and when introduced at the English breakfast-table?

Athenæum.

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OLD FOGIE.

Minor Queries with Answers. “Behemoth.”—Does any one know a book called Behemoth, an Epitome of the Civil Wars from 1640 to 1660 ? C. W. B.

[This was the last work written by the celebrated Thomas Hobbes of Malmsbury. "This history is in dialogue," remarks Bishop Warburton, "and full of paradoxes, like all Hobbes' other writings. More philosophical, political-or anything rather than historical; yet full of shrewd observations." The editions are, 1679, 8vo.; 1680, 12mo.; 1682, 8vo.]

"Deus ex Machinâ.” — From what author is the phrase "Deus ex machinâ" taken? and what was its original application ? T. R.

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Wheelbarrows. ·

Who invented the wheelbarrow? It is ascribed to Pascal. ALPHA. this useful article. [Fosbroke seems to have investigated the origin of He says, "Notwithstanding Montfaucon, it is not certain that the ancients were acquainted with the wheelbarrow. Hyginus, indeed, mentions a single-wheeled carriage, but it may apply to a vehicle of conveyance. Some modern writers ascribe the invention to Pascal, the famous geometer. The one-wheeled carriage alluded to was, perhaps, the Pabo of Isidore. As to the invention by Pascal, we find berewe, a barrow, rendered by Lye, a versatile vehicle; but if more than the hand-barrow had been meant, the addition of wheel would perhaps have been made to the world.” Encyclopædia of Antiquities, vol. i. p. 349.]

Persons alluded to by Hooker. -Who was the ancient philosopher to whom Hooker alludes in Eccles. Polity, b. 111. ch. xi. (iii.)? and the Puritan champion of the Church Service, cited b. v. ch. xxvii. (1.)? MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.

[The ancient philosopher is Philemon: see the passage quoted by the Rev. John Keble, edit. Hooker, 1836, vol. i. p. 496., from Fragm. Incert., xliii., ed. Cler. The Puritan champion is Edward Dering: see his work against Harding, entitled A Sparing Restraint of many lavish Untruths, &c., 4to. 1568.]

Replies.

LONGFELLOW'S ORIGINALITY.
(Vol. viii., p. 583.)

J. C. B. has noticed "the similarity of thought, and even sometimes of expression," between "The Reaper and the Flowers of this popular writer, and a song by Luise Reichardt. But a far more extraordinary similarity than this exists between Mr. Longfellow's translation of a certain AngloSaxon metrical fragment, entitled "The Grave (Tegg's edit. in London Domestic Library, p. 283.) and the literal translation of the same piece by the Rev. J. J. Conybeare, transcribed by Sharon Turner in Hist. Ang. Sux., 8vo. edit. 1823, vol. iii. p. 326. With the exception of a few verbal alterations, indeed, which render the fact of the plagiarism the more glaring, the two translations are identical. I place a few of the opening and

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QUEEN ELIZABETH AND QUEEN ANNE'S MOTTO. (Vol. viii., pp. 174. 255. 440.)

I was not aware that the Query at page 174. was not fully answered by me in page 255., but the following may be more satisfactory.

Camden, in his Life of Queen Elizabeth (Annals of Queen Elizabeth, p. 32.), says her first and chiefest care was for the most constant defence of the Protestant religion as established by the authority of parliament. "Her second care to hold an even course in her whole life and in all her actions, whereupon she took for her motto (1559), Semper eadem (Always the same)."

In his Remains (p. 347. 4to. 1637), Camden says, "Queen Elizabeth upon occasions used so many heroical devices as would require a volume: but most commonly a sive without a motte for her words Video, Taceo, and Semper eadem, which she as truly and constantly performed."

Sandford is silent as to her motto. Leake says this motto, Semper eadem, was only a personal motto; as queen, the old motto, Dieu et mon Droit, was used, and is so given in Segar's Honour, Military and Civil, dedicated to her majesty in 1602, and which is also on her tomb. In some churches where there are arms put up to her memory, it is probable the motto Semper eadem may sometimes have been seen as being a personal motto to distinguish it from her brothers. Queen Anne, before the union with Scotland, bore

the same arms, crest, and supporters as her father King James II., but discontinued the use of the old motto, Dieu et mon Droit, and instead thereof used Semper eadem. The motto ascribed to Queen Elizabeth she took for the same reason to express her constancy; but this, which was personal as to Queen Elizabeth, was then made the motto of the royal achievement, and seems the first instance of discontinuing the old motto of Dieu et mon Droit, from the first assumption of it by King Edward III.; for as to the different ones attributed to Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, and King James I., they were personal only.

The motto is indeed no part of the arms but personal, and therefore is frequently varied according to the fancy of the bearer; nevertheless, when particular mottoes have been taken to perpetuate the memory of great events, either in families or kingdoms, and have been established by long usage, such should be esteemed as family or national mottoes, and it is honourable to continue them.

In 1702 (Gazette, No. 3874) Queen Anne commanded the Earl Marshal to signify her pleasure that wheresoever her royal arms were to be used with a motto, that of Semper eadem should be used; and upon the union with Scotland in 1707, by her order in council it was ordered to be continued.

King George I., upon his accession, thought proper to discontinue it, and restored the old motto, Dieu et mon Droit. G.

BOOKS BURNT BY THE COMMON HANGMAN.

(Vol. viii., pp. 272. 346.)

The Histoires of Theodore Agrippa d'Aubigné were condemned, by an arrêt of the parliament of Paris, to be burnt by the common hangman. The charge against the works was, that D'Aubigné had spoken too freely of princes; and it may be added, too freely also of the Jesuits, which was probably the greatest crime. D'Aubigné said upon the occasion, that he could not be offended at the treatment given to his book, after having seen the Holy Bible ignominiously hanged upon a gibbet (for thus some fiery zealots used the Bible which they had taken from the Huguenots, to show their pious hatred to all translations of that book into their native tongue), and fourscore thousand innocent persons massacred without provocation.

The Histoire of James Augustus de Thou (a Roman Catholic, though a moderate one) met with the same fate at Rome that D'Aubigné's had at Paris, and it was even debated in council whether the like sentence should not pass against it in France. D'Aubigné, however, spoke strongly in its favour, affirming that no Frenchman had ever before given such evident proofs of solid

judgment and steady application, qualities not generally allowed to be the characteristic of the nation. (Scott's Life of Theodore Agrippa d'Aubigné, p. 419.)

In 1762 the Emilie of Jean Jacques Rousseau was burnt at Geneva by the common hangman. Le Contrat Social had soon afterwards the same fate. (Biographie Universelle, article "J.J. Rousseau.")

On June 17th, 1553, nearly the whole of the edition of the De Christianismi Restitutione of Servetus, which had been seized at Lyons, was cast into the flames, and Servetus burnt in effigy at Vienne in Dauphiné. (Biographie Universelle, art. "Servetus.")

In 1538 the English Bible, printed by Grafton at Paris, was (with the exception of a few copies) burnt by the order of the Inquisition. During the reign of Henry VIII. (observes Mr. D'Israeli in Amenities of Literature, vol. iii. p. 358.), the Bishop of Durham had all the unsold copies of Tindal's Testament bought up at Antwerp and burnt. In this age of unsettled opinions, both Roman Catholic and Protestant books were burnt. In the reign of Edward VI. Roman Catholic works fed the flames.

"All red-lettered illuminated volumes were chopped in pieces with hatchets, and burned as superstitious. The works of Peter Lombard, Duns Scotus, and Thomas Aquinas, carried on biers, were tumbled into bonfires. In the reign of Mary pyramids of Protestant volumes were burnt. All the Bibles in English, and all the commentators upon the Bible in the vernacular idiom (which we are told from their number seemed almost infinite), were cast into the flames at the market-place, Oxford.”. D'Israeli's Amenities of Literature, vol. ii. pp. 164, 165.

In Strype's Memorials (3rd part, 2nd ed., P. 130.) is a proclamation of Philip and Mary, "that whoever finds books of heresy and sedition, and does not forthwith burn the same, shall be executed for a rebel."

The Stationers' Company (who were granted a charter of incorporation during the reign of Philip and Mary) had power to seize, take away, and burn books which they deemed obnoxious to the state or to their own interests.

"When Elizabeth was upon the throne, political pamphlets fed the flames, and libels in the reign of James I. and his son." D'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature," Licensers of the Press."

"In the first year of the reign of King William III., A.D. 1688, a grand auto-da-fé was performed by the University of Oxford on certain political works. Baxter's Holy Commonwealth was amongst those condemned to the flames." D'Israeli's Amenities of Literature, vol. iii. p. 325.

Perhaps some correspondent of "N. & Q." may furnish other instances of books burnt. L. A.

STONE PULPITS.

(Vol. viii., p. 562.)

TO MR. KERSLEY's list I can add, from my own county, St. John the Evangelist, Cirencester, used; SS. Peter and Paul, Northleach, used; Staunton, All Saints, in the Hundred of St. Briavell's, Dean Forest, not used.

The last has a curious double arrangement in two storeys, like a modern reading-desk and pulpit, projecting west from the north side of the chancel arch, or rather (if I recollect rightly, for I took no notes on visiting the church) of the west tower arch, and to both which there is access from the newel leading to the ancient roodloft.

To the above might be added those of Coombe, Oxon; Frampton, Dorset; and Trinity Church, Coventry: and if any other than those in churches, the angular one in the entrance court in Magdalene College, Oxford, from which, formerly, the University Sermon used to be preached on the festival of St. John the Baptist, when the court was strewed with rushes for the occasion (vide Glossary of Architecture, in verb.); that in the refectory of Tinterne Abbey, Monmouthshire; and the well-known exquisite specimen of the later First Pointed period, occupying a similar locality in the Abbey of Beaulieu, Hants, so elaborately illustrated by Mr. Carter in Weale's Quarterly Papers. BROOKTHORPE.

A collection of English examples alone would make a long list. Besides the well-known one (A.D. 1480) in the outer court of Magdalene College, Oxford, the following are noted in the last edition of the Oxford Glossary, viz. : Beaulieu, Garden, Shrewsbury: these are in refectories of Hants (A. D. 1260); Beverley; Chester; Abbey monasteries. In churches at Cirencester; Coombe, Oxon (circa A. D. 1370); Frampton, Dorset (circa A.D. 1450); Trinity Church, Cothe cut to be stone. ventry (circa A. D. 1470): the latter appears from

St. Peter's, Oxon (circa 1400).
In the second edition of the Glossary is also

see

Devonshire abounds in good samples: Trans. of Exeter Architectural Society, vol. i., at table of plates, and the engraved plates of three very rich specimens, viz. Harberton, Chittlehampton, North Molton, each of which is encircled by canopied niches with statues.

At North Petherton, in Somersetshire, is a curious grotesque human figure of stone, crouched on the floor, supporting the pulpit (which is of wood, as I think) upon his shoulders, Atlas-like. J. J. R.

Temple.

MR. KERSLEY desires a list of ancient stone pulpits. I can give him the following, but cannot

describe their positions, nor certify which of them
are still used: - Bedfordshire, St. Paul's, Bed-
ford; Cheshire, Nantwich; Cornwall, Egloshayle;
Devonshire, Chittlehampton, Harberton, Totnes,
South Wooton; Dorsetshire, Frampton; Glou-
cestershire, North Cerney, Cirencester, Cold Ash-
ton, Northleach, Pitchcomb, Winchcomb, Glou-
cester Cathedral; Hampshire, Beaulieu Abbey
(fine Early Decorated), Shorwell, Isle of Wight;
Oxfordshire, Coombe (1395), Oxford, Magdalene
College (1480), Oxford, St. Peter's; Somerset-
shire, Chedder, Kew Stoke, Nailsea, Stogumber,
Wrington; Sussex, Clymping; Warwickshire,
Coventry, Trinity Church; Worcestershire, Wor-
cester Cathedral.
C. R. M.

The Glossary of Architecture supplies the following examples:- Beaulieu, Hampshire, c. 1260 (plate 166.), in the refectory; Combe, Oxfordshire, c. 1370 (plate 166.); Magdalene College, Oxford, c. 1480 (plate 166.), in the outer court; Frampton, Dorset, c. 1450 (plate 167.); Holy Trinity, Coventry, c. 1500 (plate 167.), restored by Mr. Rickman.

Are, or were, the pulpits in the refectories of the monasteries of Beverley, Shrewsbury, and Chester, referred to in the Glossary sub voc. PUL W. SPARROW SIMPSON.

PIT, of stone?

There are ancient stone pulpits still existing at Beaulieu Abbey Church, now in use, A.D. 1260; Wells Cathedral, in the nave, A.D. 1547; Magdalene College, Oxford, A.D. 1480, in the south-east angle of the first court, formerly used at the University Sermon on St. John Baptist's Day; Combe Church, Oxon., Perp. style: Frampton Church, Dorset, A.D. 1450; Trinity Church, Coventry, MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M. A.

A.D. 1500.

To the list may be added that of Holy Trinity Church, Coventry, which is a very fine specimen, and furnished with bracket for the book. It adjoins the south aisle piers, and is in use.

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which is figured in Britton's Archit. Antiq., vol. ii. p. 99. (See also Strutt's Horda Angelcynn, vol. ii. pp. 62. 64., and Fosbrooke's Encyc. Antiq., pp. 264. 305.340.) The "tongs," A.-S. fyr-tang (see Du Cange, v. Tenalea, Tenales, Tenecula), with which Swift mischievously directs us to stir the fire "if the poker be out of the way," are of the remotest antiquity. They are frequently spoken of in the sacred records, as by Isaiah, vi. 6.; and we all know to what purpose a similar weapon was applied by holy St. Dunstan. In fact, they are doubtless coeval with fires themselves. The word tongs" is the old Icelandic, Norræna, or Dönsktúnga, taung, pl. tángir, the Dan. tang, Scot. and Belg. tangs, taings, Belg. tanghe, Alem. zanga, Germ. zange, Gall. tenaille, Ital. tenaglia, &c. The most ancient of the mytho-cosmogonic poems of the elder Edda attribute to this implement an origin no less than divine; for in the Völo-spa, st. vii., it is stated that when the mighty Esir the stars, to take counsel for the erection of temassembled on Idavöllr to regulate the courses of ples and palaces, and to build furnaces, amongst scópo, "they made tongs," for the use and delectaother tools, by them also then fabricated, túngir (the Weyland smith of "Kenilworth ") and caretion of the völundr à járn, or skilful blacksmith ful housewife of future days. WM. MATTHEWS. Cowgill.

ALIQUIS will perhaps find his question satisfactorily answered by a visit to Goodrich Court, Herefordshire, where the late Sir Samuel Meyrick, with the industry and exactness which distinguished that indefatigable antiquary, had arranged a series of rooms illustrative of the domestic habits of the twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries.

It is so long ago since I saw these rooms (and then but very cursorily), that I will not undertake to say the series was complete from the twelfth inclusive; and when, recently, last there, the G. E. T. S. R. N. family were at home, and nothing but the armoury

ANTIQUITY OF FIRE-IRONS.

(Vol. viii., p. 587.)

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The invention of these domestic instruments, called "tongs, fireshovels, and prongs by Sir T. Browne, dates from a very early period. The "shovel" is the A.-S. fyr-sceofl. Lye refers to "the fire-sholve" of the sixteenth century, which he tells us was "made like a grate to sift the seacole with," exactly as we see it constructed now. (See Gage's Hengrave, p. 23.) The "poker" (see Du Cange, v. Titionarium) is mentioned by Johan. de Januâ in the thirteenth century. It had formerly two massive prongs, and was commonly called the "fire-fork." There is a poker of this description, temp. Hen. VIII., in Windsor Castle,

shown; but from the evident care taken of that unrivalled and magnificent collection by the present proprietor, the series of appropriate furniture, each genuine specimens of the period they represent, is doubtless preserved intact, though I understood that the chambers had been since fitted up more consistently with the requirements of the nineteenth century. BROOKTHORpe.

ORDER OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM.

(Vol. vii., p. 407.)

R. L. P. asks "What members of the British language were present, when, in 1546, the English commander Upton attacked and defeated the famous corsair Dragut at Tarschien, in Malta ?”

In answer to the above question I would beg to remark, that in September, 1536, John d'Omedes ascended the Maltese throne on the decease of Didier de Saint Jaille; and his reign continued seventeen years, i. e. to 1553. In looking through several histories of the order, I am unable to find any mention made of a Turkish descent on the island in 1546. Had such an occurrence taken place, it doubtless would have been recorded; but as it is not, it would have been impossible for the Commander Upton to have distinguished himself in any such conflict as your correspondent supposes.

R. L. P. then asks, "What members of it were present (that is, the British language) when the Chevalier Repton, Grand Prior of England in 1551, was killed, after signally defeating the Turks in another attack on the island?"

With all due deference I would beg to state, that there was not in July, 1551, when Dragut made an attack on Malta, any English knight of the name of Repton; and it can be satisfactorily shown by the following extract, that at the period referred to by R. L. P., Nicholas Upton was Grand Prior of England, and was not "killed" after signally defeating the Turks, but died from the effects of a coup de soleil:

"L'isola del Gozzo fu presa da Sinam Bassa, a persuasione di Dragutte, il 1551, essendosi renduto a discrezione F. Galaziano de Sesse Aragonese, Governatore, che vi rimase schiavo. Ma poco dopo il Cavaliere F. Pietro d'Olivares, la ristaurò da danni patiti e vi richiamò nuove famiglie a ripopolarla. Sinam, prima di andare al Gozzo, fece una discesa in Malta, ma fu rispinto da Cavaliere: nella quale azione pel molto caldo sofferto, mori Nicolas Vpton, Gran Priore d'Inghilterra." Vide Codice Dip., vol. ii. p. 573.; as also Vertot's History of the Order, vol. iv. p. 144., date July, 1551.

That Sir Nicholas Upton was Grand Prior of England in 1551, is sufficiently shown in the above extract; and that he was Commander of Repton, or Ripston, will be as readily seen by the following lines translated from the Latin, and to be found in a book of manuscripts of the years 1547, 1548, 1549, now in the Record Office. (Vide Lib. Bull. M. M. F. J. Homedes.)

"On the 15th November, 1547, Nicholas Upton was appointed by the Grand Master Omedes Commander of Ripston in the language of England. And on the 5th of November, 1548, he was exalted to the dignity of Turcopolier, in place of the knight Russell deceased."

I am unable to inform R. L. P. what English knights were present in Malta in 1551; but enough has already appeared in "N. & Q." to show that they were few in number, and poor as regards their worldly effects. The Reformation had destroyed the British language, and caused the ruin of its members. The first severe blow against the

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Order of St. John of Jerusalem was given by Henry VIII., and the last by Queen Elizabeth in the first year of her reign. (Vide "N. & Q.,” | Vol. viii., pp. 189. 193.) WILLIAM WINTHROP. La Valetta, Malta.

GRAMMARS, ETC., FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
(Vol. ix., p. 8.)

St. Mary's College, Winchester (publisher, D. Nutt).-Novum Florilegium Poeticum; Carmina quædam elegantissima; De Diis et Heroibus poeticis libellus; Homeri Ilias (Heyne) et Odyssea; Interpretatio Poikiles Istorias; Ovidii Fasti, libri vi.; Houkian IoTopia; Selectæ Historiæ ex Cæsare, Justino et Floro; Notes on the Diatessaron, by the Rev. Frederic Wickham, now Second Master; Græca Grammatices Rudimenta, by Bishop Wordsworth, late Second Master; Greek and Latin Delectus, by the Rev. H. C. Adams, late Commoner Tutor.

Of Eton books there were in use the Latin and Greek Grammars; Pindar's Olympian and Pythian Odes; Scriptores Græci et Romani. A complete list of Eton and Westminster school-books will be found in the London Catalogue, which enrols Vide de Arte Poeticâ; Trapp's Prælectiones Poetica, and the Rise, &c. of Poetry and Fine Arts in Ancient Rome, as Winchester school-books.

In 1512, Winchester and Eton had a common grammar. Hugh Lloyd, D.C.L., Head Master, A.D. 1580-1602, wrote Dictata and Phrases Elegantiores for the use of the school. William Horman, M.A., Head Master of Winchester, 1495-1502, and Eton, 1489-1495, wrote Vulgaria puerorum.

Hugh Robinson, D.D., Head Master, wrote Prayers and Latin Phrases for the school. It is almost superfluous to name Bishop Ken's Manual for Winchester Scholars, edited by Dr. Moberly, the present excellent Head Master, some years since. MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M. A.

In pursuance of the hint of MR. P. H. FISHER, I will describe an old school-book in my possession, which is bound up with Godwyn's Romanæ Historia Anthologia. It contains, 1. Preces; 2. Gram maticalia quædam; 3. Rhetorica brevis, and was printed at Oxford in 1616 by Joseph Barnes. Though there is nothing in the title-page to indicate that it was for the use of Winchester College, this sufficiently appears from the "Thanksgiving for William of Wiccham" in the grace after dinner, and also from the insertion of William of Wykeham's arms before the Rhetorica brevis. It bears abundant marks of having been used in the school, and contains, on the blank pages with which it was furnished, several MS. Wykehamical memoranda, some of them well known, and others

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