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sition, no change could take place, the affinities of acetic acid being insufficient to displace hydrobromic acid.

A great many experiments which I tried last autumn, for the express purpose of clearing up this point, have convinced me that, cæteris paribus, the addition of free iodine to the iodizing solution, tends to diminish the sensitiveness of the subsequently formed iodide of silver. On paper, this diminution of sensitiveness is attended with some advantages, so that at present I hardly know whether to introduce the free iodine or not; but in collodion, as far as my experience goes, I see no reason for retaining it; on the contrary, everything seems to be in favour of its removal.

I can hardly imagine that the increased sensitiveness mentioned by MR. HENNAH is really due to the free iodine which he introduces. Such a result being so contrary to all my experience, I would venture to suggest that there must be some other cause for its beneficial action; for instance, commercial iodide of potassium is generally alkaline, owing to impurities present; the tincture of iodine in this case would render the collodion neutral, and unless a very large excess of iodine were introduced, its good effects would be very apparent. This, however, involving the employment of impure chemicals, is a very improbable explanation of a phenomenon observed by so excellent an operator as MR. HENNAH: there is most likely some local cause which would be overlooked unless expressly

searched for.

With regard to the point, whether the free iodine is the sole cause of the deterioration of old collodion, I should say decidedly not, at least in a theoretical view; the liberation of free iodine necessitates some other changes in the collodion, and the result must be influenced by these in one way or another, but practically I have as yet found nothing to warrant the supposition that they perceptibly interfere with the sensitiveness of the film.

In the above I have endeavoured as much as possible to avoid technicalities, in order to make it intelligible to amateurs; but if there be any part which may be considered obscure, on its being pointed out to I will endeavour to solve the difficulty.

me,

Hammersmith.

WILLIAM CROOKES.

Photographic Queries. — 1. Would you, Sir, or Dr. DIAMOND (DR. MANSELL is too far off), be kind enough to inform your readers whether DR. MANSELL'S process, recommended in No. 225., is equally applicable to inland as to sea-side operations; or must we, in the one case, follow DR. DIAMOND, and in the other DR. MANSELL, and thus be compelled to prepare two sets of papers?

2. DR. MANSELL recommends, as a test for the iodized paper, a strong solution of bichloride of mercury; may we ask how strong?

3. MR. SISSON's developing fluid has undergone so many changes, and has been so much written about, that we are at a loss to discover or to determine whether it has been at length settled, in the mind of the inventor, that it will do equally well for negatives as for positives. FOUR PHOTOGRAPHIC READERS. [1. Both papers are equally available for both pur

poses. In actual practice we have not ourselves experienced any difference in their results.

2. It is quite immaterial. A drachm of bichloride dissolved in one ounce of spirits of wine will cause a cloudiness and a precipitate, if a very few drops are added to the tested water.

3. In general the salts of iron are more adapted for positives, and weak pyrogallic acid solutions for negatives; say one and a half grain of pyrogallic acid, twenty minims of glacial acetic acid, and an ounce of distilled water.]

Replies to Minor Queries.

London Fortifications (Vol. ix., p. 174.).—In last week's Number is an inquiry as to "London | Fortifications” in the time of the Commonwealth.

There is a Map by Vertue, dated 1738, in a folio History of London; there is one a trifle smaller, copied from the above; also one with page of description, Gentleman's Magazine, June, 1749. I subscribed to a set of twenty etchings, published last year by Mr. P. Thompson of the New Road; they are very curious, being facsimiles of a set of drawings done by a Capt. John 1643. The drawings are now I believe in the Eyre of Oliver Cromwell's own regiment, dated possession of the City of London.

A CONSTANT Reader.

[The drawings referred to by our correspondent are, we hear, by competent judges regarded as not genuine. Such also, we are told, is the opinion given of many drawings ascribed to Hollar and Captain John Eyre, which have been purchased by a gentleman of our acquaintance, and submitted by him to persons most conversant with such drawings. Query, Are the drawings purporting to be by Captain John Eyre, drawings of the period at which they are dated?]

Burke's Domestic Correspondence (Vol. ix., p. 9.). In reference to a Query in "N. & Q." relative to unpublished documents respecting Edmund Burke, I beg to inform your correspondent N. O. that I have no doubt but that some new light might be thrown on the subject by an application to Mr. George Shackleton, Ballitore, a descendant of Abraham Shackleton, Burke's old schoolmaster, who I believe has a quantity of letters written to his old master Abraham, and also to his son Richard, who had Burke for a schoolfellow, and continued the friendship afterwards, both by writing and personally. When Richard attended yearly meetings in London, he was always a guest at Beaconsfield. Burke was so much attached to Richard, that on one of these visits he caused Shackleton's portrait to be painted and presented it to him, and it is now in the possession of the above family. I have no doubt but that an application to the above gentleman would produce some testimony.

F. H.

Battle of Villers-en-Couché (Vol. viii. passim). A good account of this celebrated engagement, with several authentic documents relating to what happened on the occasion, will be found in that very interesting little work, Risen from the Ranks, by the Rev. E. Neale (London, Longmans, 1853). JAMES SPENCE HARRY. "I could not love thee, dear, so much" (Vol. ix., p. 125.).—These lines are from an exquisite morceau entitled To Lucasta, on going to the Wars, by the gay, gallant, and ill-fated cavalier, Richard Lovelace, whose undying loyalty and love, and whose life, and every line that he wrote, are all redolent of the best days of chivalry. They are to be found in a 12mo. volume, Lucasta, London, 1649. The entire piece is so short, that I venture to subjoin it:

"Tell me not, sweet, I am unkinde,

That from the nunnerie

Of thy chaste breast and quiet minde,
To warre and armes I flie.

"True, a new mistresse now I chase,
The first foe in the field;

And with a stronger faith imbrace
A sword, a horse, a shield.

"Yet this inconstancy is such,

As you too shall adore;

I could not love thee, deare, so much,
Loved I not honour more.'

"

To the honour of Kent be it remembered that Lovelace was CANTIANUS. [We are also indebted for Replies to E. L. HOLT WHITE, GEO. E. FRERE, E. C. H., J. K. R. W., H. J. RAINES, M.D., F. J. SCOTT, W. J. B. SMITH, E. S. T. T., C. B. E., F. E. E., &c. "Lovelace (says Wood) made his amours to a gentlewoman of great beauty and fortune, named Lucy Sacheverel, whom he usually called Lux casta; but she, upon a strong report that he was dead of his wound received at Dunkirk (where he had brought a regiment for the service of the French king), soon after married.". - Wood's Athena Oxonienses, vol. iii. p. 462.]

Sir Charles Cotterell (Vol. viii., p. 564.).— Sir Charles Cotterell, the translator of Cassandra, was Master of the Ceremonies to Charles II.; which office he resigned to his son in 1686, and died about 1687. I cannot say where he was buried. I am in possession of a copy of·

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"The Memorialls of Margaret de Valoys, first Wife to Henry the Fourth, King of France and Navarre ; compiled in French by her own most delicate and Royal Hand, and translated into English by Robert Codrington, Master of Arts: London, printed by R. H. 1661."

It is dedicated to "To the true lover of all good learning, the truly honourable Sir Charles Cotterell, Knight, Master of the Ceremonies," &c. On the fly-leaf of it is written, "Frances Cottrell,

her booke, given by my honor'd grandfather Sir Cha. Cottrell." This edition is not mentioned by Lowndes; he only speaks of one of the date of 1662, with a title slightly different. C-S. T. P.

Muffins and Crumpets (Vol. ix., p. 77.).-Crumpet, according to Todd's Johnson, is derived from A.-S. cpompeht, which Boswell explains, "full of crumples, wrinkled." Perhaps muffin is derived from, or connected with, the following:

species, qui diatim distribui solet Canonicis præben"MOFFLET. Moffletus. Mofletus Panis delicatioris dariis; Tolosatibus Pain Moufflet, quasi Pain molet dictus; forte quod ejusmodi panes singulis diebus Du Cange. coquantur, atque recentes et teneri distribuantur."

The latter part of the description is very applicable to this article.

Under Panes Præbendarii, Du Cange says, "Innoc. Cironus observat ejusmodi panes Præbendarios dici, et in Tolosano tractu Moufflets appellari." (See "N. & Q," Vol. i., pp. 173. 205. 253.) ZEUS.

Todd, for the derivation of crumpet, gives the Saxon chompelt. To crump is to eat a hard cake (Halliwell's Archaisms). Perhaps its usual accompaniment on the tea-table may be indebted for its name to its muff-like softness to the touch before toasting. MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.

"Clunk" (Vol. viii., p. 65.).—The Scotch, and English, clunk must have different meanings: for Jamieson defines the verb to clunk "to emit a hollow and interrupted sound, as that proceeding from any liquid confined in a cask, when shaken, if the cask be not full;" and to guggle, as a "straight-necked bottle, when it is emptying ;" and yet I am inclined to believe that the word also signifies to swallow, as in England. In the humorous ballad of "Rise up and bar the door," clunk seems to be used in the sense of to swallow: "And first they eat the white puddins, and than they eat the black;

The gudeman said within himsel, the Deil clunk ower ai that."

That is, may you swallow the devil with the black puddings, they perhaps being the best to the good man's taste. True, I have seen the word printed "clink," instead of clunk in this song; but erroneously I think, as there is no signification of clink in Jamieson that could be appropriately used by the man who saw his favourite puddings devoured before his face. To clink, means to "beat smartly," to "rivet the point of a nail," to "propagate scandal, or any rumour quickly;" none of which significations could be substituted for clunk in the ballad.

HENRY STEPHENS.

Picts' Houses (Vol. viii., p. 392.).—Such buildings underground as those described as Picts'

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Tailless Cats (Vol. ix., p. 10.).—The tailless cats are still procurable in the Isle of Man, though many an unfortunate pussey with the tail cut off is palmed off as genuine on the unwary. The real tailless breed are rather longer in the hind legs than the ordinary cat, and grow to a large P. P. Though not a Manx man by birth, I can assure your correspondent SHIRLEY HIBBERD, that there is not only a species of tailless cats in the Isle of Man, but also of tailless barn-door fowls. I believe the latter are also to be found in Malta. E. P. PALING.

size.

Chorley.

"Cock-and-bull story” (Vol. v., pp. 414. 447.).— DR. MAITLAND, in his somewhat sarcastic remarks respecting "cock-and-bull stories," extracted from Mr. Faber's work, has, no doubt, given a true account of the "cock on the church steeple, as being symbolical of a doctor or teacher." Still I cannot see that this at all explains the expression of a "cock-and-bull story." Will DR. MAITLAND be so good as to enlighten me on this point?

I. R. R.

Market Crosses (Vol. v., p. 511.).-Does not the marriage at the market cross allude simply to the civil marriages in the time of the Commonwealth, not alluding to any religious edifice at all? An inspection of many parish registers of that period will, I think, prove this. I. R. R.

"Largesse" (Vol. v., p. 557.).· The word largesse is not peculiar to Northamptonshire: I well remember it used in Essex at harvest-time, being shouted out at such time through the village to ask for a gift, as I always understood. A. B. may be referred to Marmion, Canto I. note 10. I. R. R.

Awkward, Awart, Awalt (Vol. viii., p. 310.).— When fat sheep roll over upon their backs, and cannot get up of themselves, they are said to be lying awkward, in some places awalt, and in others awart. Is awkward, in this sense, the same word as that treated by H. C. K.? S.

Morgan Odoherty (Vol. viii., p. 11.). — In reference to the remarks of MR. J. S. WARDEN ON the Morgan Odoherty of Blackwood's Magazine,

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Black Rat (Vol. vii., p. 206.).—In reply to the question of MR. SHIRLEY HIBBERD, whether the original rat of this country is still in existence, I may mention, that in the agricultural districts of Forfarshire, the Black Rat (Mus rattus) was in existence a few years ago. On pulling down the remains of an old farm-steading in 1823, after the building of a new one, they were there so numerous, that a greyhound I had destroyed no fewer than seventy-seven of them in the course of a couple of hours. Having used precautions against their lodgment in the new steading, under the floors, and on the tops of the party walls, they were effectually banished from the farm. HENRY STEPHENS.

Blue Bells of Scotland (Vol. viii., p. 388.).— Your correspondent . of Philadelphia is in error in supposing that the beautiful song, "Blue Bells of Scotland," has any reference to bells painted blue. That charming melody refers to a very common pretty flower in Scotland, the Campanula latifolia of Linnæus, the flowers of which are drooping and bell-shaped, and of a blue colour. HENRY STEPHENS.

Grammars, &c. for Public Schools (Vol. ix., p. 8., &c.).—Pray add to the list a Latin grammar, under the title of The Common Accidence Improved, by the Rev. Edward Owen, Rector of Warrington, and for fifty years Master of the Grammar School founded in that town, under the will of Sir Thomas Boteler, on April 27, 1526. I believe it was first published in 1770, but the copy now before me is of an edition printed in 1800; and the Preface contains a promise (I know not whether afterwards fulfilled) of the early publication of the rules, versified on the plan of Busbey and Ruddiman, under the title of Elementa Latina Metrica. J. F. M.

Warville (Vol. viii., p. 516.).—As regards the letter W, there is a distinction to be made between proper names and other words in the French language. The exclusion of that letter from the alphabet is sufficient proof that there are no words of French origin that begin with it; but the proper names in which it figures are common enough in recent times. Of these, the greater number have been imported from the neighbouring countries of Germany, Switzerland, and

Belgium: and some too are of local origin or formation.

In the latter category is the name of Warville, which is derived from Ouarville, near Chartres, where Brissot was born in 1754. Between the

French ouar and our "war," there is a close similarity of sound; and in the spirit of innovation, which characterised the age of Brissot, the transition was a matter of easy accomplishment. Hence the nom de guerre of Warville, by which he was known to his cotemporaries. HENRY H. BREEN.

St. Lucia.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.

The Camden Society has just issued a volume of domestic letters, which contain much curious illustration of the stirring times to which they refer. The volume is entitled Letters of the Lady Brilliana Harley, wife of Sir Robert Harley, of Brampton Bryan, Knight of the Buth, with Introduction and Notes, by the Rev. T. T. Lewis. The writer, Lady Brilliana, was a daughter of Sir Edward Conway, afterwards Baron Conway, and is supposed to have been born whilst her father was Lieut.-Governor of the "Brill." The earlier letters (1625-1633) are addressed to her husband, the remainder (1638-1643) to her son Edward, during his residence at Oxford. The appendix contains several documents of considerable historical interest.

Elements of Jurisprudence, by C. J. Foster, M. A., Professor of Jurisprudence at University College, London, is an able and well-written endeavour to settle the principles upon which law is to be founded. Believing that law is capable of scientific reduction, Professor Foster has in this little work attempted, and with great ability, to show the principles upon which he thinks it must be so reduced.

Mr. Croker has reprinted from The Times his correspondence with Lord John Russell on some passages of Moore's Diary. In the postscript which he has added, explanatory of Mr. Moore's acquaintance and correspondence with him, Mr. Croker convicts Moore, by passages from his own letters, of writing very fulsomely to Mr. Croker, at the same time that he was writing very sneeringly of him.

A three days' sale of very fine books, from the library of a collector, was concluded on Wednesday the 22nd ult. by Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson, at their house in Wellington Street. The following prices of some of the more rare and curious lots exhibit a high state of bibliographical prosperity, notwithstanding the gloomy aspect of these critical times: - Lot 23, Biographie Universelle, fine paper, 52 vols., 291.; lot 82, Donne's Poems, a fine large copy, 7l. 10s.; lot 90, Drummond of Hawthornden's Poems, 61.; lot 137, Book of Christian Prayers, known as Queen Elizabeth's Prayer Book, 10l.; lot 53, a fine copy of Coryat's Crudities, 10. 158.; lot 184, Breydenbach, Sanctarum Peregrinationum in Montem Syon, first edition, 157. 15s.; lot 190, the Book of Fayttes of

Armes and Chyvalry, by Caxton, with two leaves in fac-simile, 771.; lot 192, Chaucer's Works, the edition of 1542, 10l. 5s.; lot 200, Dugdale's Warwickshire, 137. 10s.; lot 293, a gorgeous Oriental Manuscript from the Palace of Tippoo Saib, enriched with 157 large paintings, full of subject, 1127; lot 240, Hora Virginis Mariæ, a charining Flemish Manuscript, with 12 exquisite illuminations of a high class, 100%; lot 229, Milton's Minor Poems, first edition, 64. 6s.; lot 315, Navarre Nouvelles, fine paper, 51. 5s.; lot 326, Fenton's Certaine Tragicall Discourses, first edition, 11.; lot 330, Gascoigne's Pleasauntest Workes, fine copy, 147.; lot 344, Horæ Virginis Mariæ, beautifully printed upon vellum, by Kerver, 26l.; lot 347, Latimer's Sermons, Daye, 1571, 147.; lot 364, Milton's Comus, first edition, 10. 10s.; lot 365, Milton's Paradise Lost, first edition, 12l. 17s. 6d. ; lot 376, The Shah Nameh, a fine Persian manuscript, 107. 12s. 6d. ; lot. 379, Froissart Chroniques, first edition, 227. 15s. ; lot 381, a fine copy of Gough's Sepulchral Monuments, five vols., 697.; lot 390, the original edition of Holinshed's Chronicles, 167. 10s.; lot 401, Lancelot du Lac, Chevalier de la Table Ronde, Petit, 1533, 167.; lot 406, the original edition of Laud's Book of Common Prayer, 12. 15s.; lot 412, Meliadus de Leonnoys, a romance of the round table, 117.; lot 417, a superb copy of Montfaucon's Works, with the La Monarchie Française, 50l.; lot 418, Works of Sir Thomas More, with the rare leaf, 147. 5s.; lot 563, Shakspeare's Life of Sir John Oldcastle, 117.; lot 564, A Midsomer Night's Dream (1600), 187. 5s. ; lot 611, Shakspeare's Comedies, fine copy of the second edition, 281.; lot 599, the celebrated Letter of Cardinal Pole, printed on large paper, of which two copies only are known, 647. ; lot 601, Purchas, his Pilgrimes, five vols., a fine copy, with the rare frontispiece, 65l. 10s. The 634 lots produced 2,616l. 4s. 6d.

BOOKS RECeived. Dante translated into English Verse, by J. C. Wright, M. A., with Thirty-four Engravings on Steel, after Flaxman. This new volume of Bohn's Illustrated Library is one of those marvels of cheapness with which Mr. Bohn ever and anon surprises us. Curiosities of Bristol and its Neighbourhood, Nos. I.-V., is a sort of local " N. & Q.," calculated to interest not Bristolians only. Poetical Works of John Dryden, edited by Robert Bell, Vol. II., forms the new volume of the Annotated Edition of the English Poets. The Carafas of Maddaloni: Naples under Spanish Dominion, the new volume of Bohn's Standard Library, is a translation from a German work of con

siderable research by Alfred Reumont.

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CHOICE AND VALUABLE BOOKS.

MESSRS, UPHAM & BEET

(late RODWELL) having recently made great addition to their EXTENSIVE STOCK OF BOOKS in all Languages, beg respectfully to invite an inspection of them. САТАLOGUES are NOW ready, and will be sent by Post on receipt of Two Stamps.

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THOUGHTFUL HOURS. (Preliminary Essay.) HUMAN HAPPINESS. By C. B. ADDERLEY, Esq., M.P. "Labour, if it were unnecessary to the existence, would be necessary to the happiness of men."-18mo. 18. 6d.

"Reminds us of the best works of Coleridge."- Baptist Magazine.

"A charming little manual of wisdom and philosophy."-- Church and State Gazette.

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No. I. The PATERNAL CHARACTER of GOD. By the REV. GEORGE GILFILLAN, Dundee. 18. 6d.

BLACKADER & CO., 13. Paternoster Row.

Just ready, in fcap. 8vo., with six etchings, designed by GILLRAY, now first added, price 68.

THE

HE POETRY OF THE ANTIJACOBIN: comprising the celebrated Political and Satirical Poems, Ballads, Songs, Parodies, and Jeux d'Esprit, of the RT. HON. G. CANNING, EARL OF CARLISLE, MARQUIS WELLESLEY, RT. HON. J. H. FRERE, G. ELLIS, W. GIFFORD, RT. HON. W. PITT, and others. With Explanatory Notes, the Originals of the Parodies, a History of the Work. and a complete List of the Authors. By CHARLES EDMONDS. SECOND EDITION, considerably enlarged.

G. WILLIS, Great Piazza, Covent Garden.

FOREIGNER. The Canon inquired after will be found to be the 18th of the "Constitutions and Canons Ecclesiastical, A. D. 1603." Its partial observance complained of by our Correspondent has been of late years frequently discussed in the various Church periodicals and newspapers, especially in the British Magazine, vols. xviii., xix., and xx. See also the official judgment of the Bishop of London on this Canon in his Charge of 1842, p. 43.

PRIMERS OF The Reign of Elizabeth. With reference to the article under this heading in last week's Number, we have been reminded that the Liturgies and Private Prayers put forth by authority during the reign of Elizabeth, which were reprinted by the Parker Society, have been sold by that Society to Mr. Brown, of Old Street, and may be purchased of him at a very moderate price. The introductions contain much valuable information.

COMUS. We cannot learn that there is an edition of Locke on the Understanding epitomised published at Oxford. There is one in the London Catalogue, published some years ago by Whittaker and Co., price 4s. 6d., which may perhaps still be had.

A BORDERER. Our Correspondent MR. C. Mansfield InglEBY wishes to address a letter to A BORDERER; how will it reach him? FRANCIS BEAUFORT. Biblia Sacra Latina, two volumes in one, printed by R. Rodt and B. Richel circa 1471, folio, was bought by Thorpe for 41. 4s. at the sale of the Duke of Sussex's library. CLERICUS RUSTICUS asks "Whence the term Mare's nest,' and when first used?

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HUGH HENDERSON (Glasgow). It is not needful to use any iodide of silver in the iodizing of collodion, or to make any change in the ordinary 30-grain solution bath. The sensitizing fluid recommended by DR. DIAMOND is all that is required.

OUR EIGHTH VOLUME is now bound and ready for delivery,

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