The mountains are partly covered with dark fir | they are not known as the Danube until after this trees, and every object has an Alpine appearance. junction, and but for the stream of the castle Other great attractions at Triberg are the singu- garden, they would, despite the length of their lar costumes of the peasantry, and their peculiar course, possibly be liable to be exhausted: the dwellings with stables underneath. claim of this basin to be called the source of the Danube is, however, somewhat obscure. Sommerau (Station), the summit one on the line, towards which it ascends like a corkscrew. Many travellers get out here, and return on foot, diverging here and there. St. Georgen-Inns: Adler; Hirsch.-The only object worth notice is the old Benedictine Abbey, burnt by the Duke of Würtemberg, because the monks professed the Lutheran doctrine, but another was soon erected, and the ruins of the old one preserved. From here the road inclines to a descent until we reach rail again at Villingen (Station)—Inns: Blume; Lilie; Falke; Bär; Deutcher Kaiser.-Asmall town. Population, 6,110. Here lives Christian Martin, the celebrated clockmaker, whose last production, completed in 1887, is said to excel even the elaborate marvel of Strasburg Cathedral, and the wonderful processional clock of the Tower at Berne. Near Schweningen, 4 miles east of this place, is the source of the Neckar. We are now in a country that can fairly be called cascade land, so plentifully does it abound in fountains and waterfalls; the reservoirs of the Black Forest feed the two principal rivers in Europe, the Rhine and Danube. The two extremities of a Continent receive the melted snow-flakes of its ridges, and in many instances the water-drip of one side of its houses finds its way to the German Ocean, and of the other to the Black Sea. Donaueschingen (Station)-Inns: Schütze; Falke.- The capital of the principality of Baar, once the property of the Prince of Fürstenberg, a mediatised prince, whose Palace is the principal building of the town, which contains 3,500 inhabitants. Collections of pictures, minerals, arms, books (80,000 volumes), prints, &c., at the new Karlsbau. In the garden of the palace is the Source of the Danube, a circular basin of clear sparkling water, conducted through a channel under ground for about fifty yards into the Brigach, from this spot called the Danube. Though the two upper streams, the Brege and the Brigach, are long, yet The country for miles around Donaueschingen is moist and marshy, the seat of innumerable springs, all flowing to the Danube. At Hülfingen, about a mile from this place, the road crosses the Brege, which, a mile further down, is joined by the Brigach, and the united streams form the Danube. Hence to Constance by rail, winding round by Geisingen (Station) and Engen (Station)—– remarkable as the spot whence the Austrians were defeated by Moreau in 1800, both sides losing 7,000 men. The height of Hohenhöwen, an extinct volcano, was occupied by the Austrians, who were driven from it by the French. At Singen (Station) the line to Schaffhausen (12 miles) parts off. From Donaueschingen, the direct road to Schaffhausen leads through a bare and open country in the midst of which we see to the left the ruined castle of Fürstenberg. We pass the small village of Riedböhringen and Blumberg, a miserable post house. The ascent and descent of the Rande, a very steep hill, occupies this stage. A magnificent view can be enjoyed from the summit of the hill, the spot near the wooden cross. On the left we see the mountains and extinct volcanoes known as the Hohenstoffeln, Hohenkrähe, and Hohentwieil, and in the same direction the lake of Constance unfolds its charms to the eyes, whilst the towers of Constance and the snow-capped hills of Switzerland add beautifully to the background of the picture. Midway down is the Custom House of Switzerland, and passes through a valley to the Baden frontier. Just beyond, the road enters Schaffhausen (Station).-Population, 11,800. Hotels:-In the town-Krone; Rheinischer Hof; Müller's Hotel; Riese; Post; Schwan; Tanne; Railway Rest. At the Fall, near Neuhausen (Station)-Hotel Schweizerhof, first-class, highly recommended; Hotel du Château de Laufen; Belle Vue; Rheinfall. Steamers daily to Constance, For the Falls of the Rhine, &c., see Bradshaw's, high, which date from the 13th century. Hand-Book to Switzerland. The rail to Constance which crosses the Baden frontier, repasses Singen (Station.)-Inns: Krone; Ekkerhard. Here we pass the Hohentwiel, formerly a famous old castle, and later a mountain fortress of the late Dukes of Württemberg, which, however, is now dismantled and standing in ruins on a lofty rock. Radolfzell (Station)-Inns: Schiff; Sonnewhere the line from Ulm comes in. The town is situated at the end of the extreme branch of the lake of Constance, known as the "Unter See," and has walls and gates. It contains a very fine old Church, in the German Gothic style. Petershausen-situated on the right bank of the Rhine, which here from a lake becomes a river, was under the Empire a free abbey. Crossing the Rhine near a wooden bridge we reach CONSTANCE (Station), the German Constanz, in Baden territory.-Inns: Constanzerhof, on the Lake, in a fine situation. Insel Hotel, on the Lake; formerly a Convent. Hotel Halm; Badischer Hof; Hecht; Krone; Schiff; Falke. It is situated at the north-west extremity of the Bodensee, or Lake of Constance, on the left bank of the river, on the site of the Roman Constantia of the commencement of the fourth century. It was considerably improved after the middle of the sixth century; and flourished as a free imperial town in its trade and manufactures throughout the middle ages. It is dull and monotonous, but the deep interest attached to its historical traditions cannot fail to make it an agreeable sojourn of a day or two. It formerly contained 40,000 inhabitants, but has, at the present time, a population of not more than 13,000. It has, however, begun to improve lately, and the government have formed a port on the lake, which, whilst adorning the town, is also useful for the purposes of extending and promoting prosperity and trade in all the departments of their industrial pursuits and energies. It has been formed at considerable cost. The Minster is a Gothic structure erected in 1052, re-built in is present form early in the 16th century, except the sixteen columns that support the nave, each hewn out of a single block, 18 feet The platform of the steeple affords a delightful and extensive view of the distant shores of Suabia and the Vorarlberg, behind which are seen on one side the mountains and the seven hills of Graubünden, and on the other the chain of the Appenzell. Circular arches in the Romanesque style flank the nave, in the centre of which, close to the pulpit, a stone attracts your attention. That is the spot on which the martyred Huss stood when receiving sentence of death by the state from the wretched men who constituted themselves his judges. A remarkable tomb of English brass stands in front of the grand altar. Beneath it lie interred the mortal remains of Robert Hallam, Bishop of Salisbury, who attended the council with a deputation from the English church. He is represented as wearing the order of the Garter. The stalls of the choir will deeply interest the visitor, who cannot fail to be delighted with the exquisite carvings ornamenting them. The Death of the Virgin, represented by life-like figures, in the north transept, is worth inspection, as also the beautiful tracery work of the still existing sides of the ancient cloisters. A circus-like building is seen in one of their angles, and in its centre a round room, in the Gothic style, containing a number of curiously devised scriptural figures. It is used for the commemoration services of the Passion, on Good Friday. In the sacristy are some very curious relics, Brabant lace, and a beautiful mantelpiece. The cupboards or presses in the upper vestry-room will attract notice. The Dominican Convent, now the Insel Hotel, stands upon a little island, once a Roman fortification. In it is shown the spot where stood Huss's dungeon, now removed to the Kaufhaus. The church, chapter house, and cloisters, form very picturesque ruins. The Hall of the Kaufhaus will be ever memorable as the place within whose portals was held the famous Council of Constance, in 1414-18, consisting of thirty princes and cardinals, four patriarchs, 20 archbishops, 150 bishops, 200 doctors of divinity, and a host of other secular and clerical dignitaries. The readers of history are familiar with the acts of this council, which deposed the infamous John XXIII. and Benedict XIII., electing Martin V. instead. No time can ever obliterate, nor blot out its infamy and horrible cruelty in sending to the stake Jerome of Prague and John Huss. Their unprincipled and treacherous seizure and barbarous murder will ever remain as incentives to execrate and detest the memories and principles of the civil and ecclesiastical monsters who sent them to the faggot, and condemned them to torture. The curiosities of the Hall are the chairs in which sat the emperor and pope, Huss's Bible, a model of his dungeon, the car on which he was drawn to execution, the figure of Abraham, that supported the pulpit in the minster, and other relics of the council. Council Chamber, 20pf.; Indian and Chinese Curiosities, 40pf. The house in which Huss had apartments is seen in the Paul's Strasse, near the Schnetzthor. It has affixed to it a memorial tablet, with effigy. He was imprisoned first in the Franciscan Convent, but was soon conveyed to the stone dungeon in the Dominican convent. In the suburb of Brühl, outside the town, is the field in which he suffered death with heroic fortitude. The spot is shown where the stake was placed, and earthen images of Huss and Jerome are offered for sale. In the Rosgarten Museum is a fine collection of local antiquities, prehistoric remains from the lake dwellings, and natural history; admission, 40pf. In Constance was negotiated the treaty of peace between the Swiss confederation and Sigismund, of Austria, and signed at Aarberg, in July, 1415. The house behind the Hotel Hecht, with the beautiful Gothic window, is that where the emperor lodged. The treaty of Pressburg, in 1815, transferred Constance from Austria to Baden, and since 1802 it has ceased to be an Episcopal see. The navigation of Lake Constance is accomplished by seven or eight steamers, which keep up a communication several times a day with the principal places upon its banks. The traffic upon this lake has received a considerable impetus from the formation of a port at Friedrichshafen, the southern terminus of the Württemberg railway; and by the completion of the Bavarian railway to Lindau, by which it is brought into communication with Munich and the rest of Germany. The northern banks of the lake are flat; but the southern side presents a series of picturesque views, having the mountains of Appenzell and St. Gall, together with those of the Tyrol, in the background. Excursions can be made from here to Reichenau, situated in the broad part of the Rhine, and famed for its monastery, founded by Charlemagne; and to Mainau, 4 miles north, famous as being once the seat of the commandery of the knights of the Teutonic order. It is approached by a wooden footbridge, which connects it with the shore. From the terrace of the garden surrounding the house in which the commandery dwelt, some delightful views may be had. Steamers to all the ports of the lake-Rorschach, Friedrichshafen, Lindau, Bregenz, &c., on the lines to Germany, Tyrol, and East Switzerland. ROUTE 32. Freiburg to Schaffhausen. Distance, 57 English miles. Eilwagen dailydirect in eleven hours. There is now a railway up the Höllenthal. which may be taken to save time, if that should be an object. The route at first passes through the Dreisamthal-which presents the appearance, at its opening, of a flat and fertile plain, enclosed amid sloping and sylvan hills-to the Himmelreich (Kingdom of Heaven). Nearing the ascent, its original width becomes slowly contracted; and at the imposing Höllenthal (i.e., Valley of Hell), assumes a magnificently beautiful aspect of romantic grandeur. Its woods, rich in foliage, cover the steep sides, from which project sharpened fragments of rock, rugged and naked, having running at their base the Dreisam. The scenery here will impress the mind of the tourist as partaking of a majestic wildness, blended with a picturesque beauty; Steig and Hirschsprung are the spots most remarkable for the exhibition of this wild and rugged grandeur. Before reaching the Himmelreich we pass course of the Seille and the crest of the Vosges mountains. ROUTE 33. From Avricourt to Strassburg. (Paris and Strassburg Railway.) For the first part of this line up to Emberménil, near the German frontier, see Bradshaw's Hand-book to France. Burg, remarkable from the fact that, in 1796, | Colmar, Muhlhausen; and nearly follows the Moreau here accomplished a retreat with his army. Ninety-four years previous to this, Marshal Villars was deterred from attempting this pass, saying that he was not dare-devil enough. After passing the Kirschspring we come to the Stern Inn, a diligence station, and ascend the Höllensteig to Steig, or Oberhöllsteig, where, at the Weisses Rössle, is good accommodation, on reasonable terms. Here a steep slope of the road leads the tourist out of the Höllenthal, and leaving it, he parts with the most striking scenery. From here, in good weather and with a guide, up the Feldberg, 4,900 feet. The Titi See, close by, should also be visited. Passing Lenzkirch and Bonndorf (19 miles from which is the magnificent Benedictine Abbey of St. Blaize), we arrive at the top of the ascent, from whence may be had a magnificent view of the Lake of Constance. Close by is the castle of Hohenlupfen; and a little further on, after passing Stühlingen, we cross a stream, and journeying on a distance of 11 miles arrive at Schaffhausen and its Falls. See Brad shaw's Hand-Book to Switzerland. We now enter The palaces of nature, whose vast walls, Of cold sublimity, where forms and falls How earth may soar to heaven, yet leave vain [Freiburg to Schaffhausen, a pleasant two days' journey on foot.-R. S. C.] ROUTES IN THE CEDED DISTRICTS OF (Called Lothringen and Elsass, in German; on the west bank of the Rhine, now annexed to Germany.) The districts ceded under the Franco-German treaty, ratified 2nd March, 1871, include the departments of Haut and Bas-Rhin, comprising Alsace, Moselle, or East Lorraine, and part of Meurthe, with a total popuulation, in 1886, of 1,564,000, and an area of 6,250 English square miles. The new boundary takes in Metz, Thionville, Strassburg (the capital of the new German province), Avricourt (Station), near the head of the Vezouze, under the Vosges range, has a ruined castle, and gave birth to Regnier, Duke of Massa. French Douane. Then Deutsch-Avricourt; German Douane. Through a forest, to Hemingen (Station) — 8 miles northern road from Nancy falls in. - where the Saarburg-5 miles-(De l'Abondance), a town of 2,600 souls, and military post on the Saar, in German Lorraine, in a pass of the Vosges, divided into Upper and Lower Town. In the former, German is spoken, in the latter, French. It belonged to the Archbishops of Metz and Dukes of Lorraine, came to France 1661, and back to Germany 1871. Most of it was rebuilt after the fire of 1461. It was the Pons Sarave of Roman geographers, and coins have been found. The Leuk here joins the Saar, and forms a cascade. Rails to Metz (54 miles, page 175), Saargemünd, &c. The rail now traverses the Vosges mountains by a series of tunnels, the first of which is Hommartingen, about 1 mile, the greatest work of the kind on the line. It enters the mountains to the left of the Marne and Rhine Canal, on a level with it, but comes out to the right of it, and 39 feet lower, having passed by an incline under the canal. It then crosses the rocky gorge of the Zorn (which the canal passes on an aqueduct), to a second tunnel of 804 feet. Lützelburg (Station)-10 miles. Hotels: Zur Eisenbahn; Storch. With a ruined castle, near the summit of the Vosges. Coach to Phalsbourg. [PHALSBOURG or PFALZBURG (4 miles northnorth-east), a fortification on a rock, where English prisoners were kept in the war citadel, built by Vauban to command a pass of the Vosges, capitulated to the Germans 12th December, 1870. The fortifications were demolished in 1872. It was called Einartyhausen, before 1570, when the Prince Palatine of Velden rebuilt it under its modern name; it came afterwards to the house of Lorraine. Part of the palace is seen; besides a Town Hall of the time of Louis XIV., &c. Marshal Lobau, General Gérard, &c., were born here. Excellent noyau is made. Population, 4,900. M. Erckmann, with M. Chatrian, joint authors of the Conscript, Waterloo, The Plébescite, &c., were both born here.] Four more tunnels succeed, respectively 1,417, 1,296, 1,640, and 1,009 feet in length. You catch glimpses of various feudal towers and ruined castles crowning the tops of the mountain ranges, among which the Hohe Barr and Gross Geroldseck are the most picturesque. miles Zabern or Saverne (Station)-5 down the east slope of the Vosges (towards the Rhine), in a charming spot on the Zorn, is a town in Alsace (late department Bas-Rhin), having 6,400 souls, and belonged to the bishops of Strassburg, whose old castle here is now a barrack. The church has a high square tower. Copper goods are made. Museum of local antiquities. Hotels: Ambruster; Sonne; Zum Münchener Kindl; Karpfen. It is said to have taken its name from the old tabernæ, or resting-places, distributed through the valley. The hill at the top of the spiral road above the town commands a fine prospect of Alsace and Strassburg Minster. From here a rail, in connection with the Great Luxemburg, is open through Alsace, to Mutzig (branches to Strassburg and Rottau), Schlettstadt (branch to St. Marie-auxMines, or Markirch), Colmar (branches to Freiburg and Munster), Mühlhausen, and Bâle, about 100 miles. [At 6 kil. south is MAURSMUNSTER, or MARMOUTIER, with an Abbey church of the tenth century.] Steinburg (Station)-3 miles-on the Zorn. Branch rail of 8 miles to Buchsweiler, Pfaffenhofen, and Hagenau (page 179), past Neuweiler, which has a seat built by the Duke of Feltre, on the site of Huneburg Castle, Past Dettweiler, lower down the Zorn, to Pass Mommenheim-3 miles-on the plain of Alsace, to Brumath (Station)-6 miles-where the rail turns off from the Zorn. It is the ancient Brocomagus, and is near the foundling hospital of Stephansfelden, founded 1220. Here the Austrians were defeated, 1793. Vendenheim (Station)-44 miles-where the Branch line to Weissenburg turns off. About 51 miles further is STRASSBURG (Station), 312 miles from Paris. See Route 27. ROUTE 34. Strassburg to Mühlhausen, Basle, &c. Up the Rhine by railway. Distance, 141 kil. or 89 miles; 3 to 5 hours. Terminus, near Porte de Saverne. The railway passes up the valley of the Ill, which receives innumerable streams from the Vosges mountains to the west. The new outworks of the fortifications of Strassburg (to the right-Forts Bismarck and Kronprinz von Sachsen; to the left-Forts von Werder and von der Tann) form very conspicuous objects. Geispolsheim (Station)-7 miles-on the Eger, once a fortress. Population, 8,220. Dachstein, 12 kil.off, on the Ill, was a fortress taken by Turenne, 1674. Further off are Molsheim and Mutzig, where they manufacture ribbons, fire-arms, &c. See page 179. Fegersheim (Station)—11⁄2 miles-near the Ill and Andlau. Rosheim (15 kil. west), in a pretty position on the Magel, is a walled town of 4,000 souls. Limersheim (Station), 2} miles. Erstein (Station)-2 miles-Inn: Löwe, was a fortress in the stormy times of the Empire, like most other places in this frontier land. Population, 3,690. Coach to Obernay (12 kil. west-north-west), which lies on the Andlau, above Niedernay, and is ill built, with a population of 5,100 souls, who make calicoes, &c. It has an old château, and a Gothic tower, called Kappelen Thurm. Further up the Vosges you come to the Hochfeld and |