also of a physician, was sent for to cure the disease or divine its cause. The priests of the inhabitants of Rurutu were also their physicians. 2

Cases of physicians forming a profession of their own in association with the priesthood are, however, by no means rare among uncivilized races. The Hawaiian doctors >>were a distinct class of priests or sorcerers, who generally confined the knowledge of their art to their own families, and thus made the employment, which was lucrative, hereditary.» 3 Among the Melanesians, who have no proper worship, the distribution of the supernaturalistic practices varies: »Every considerable village or settlement, writes Codrington, »is sure to have someone who can control the weather and the waves, someone who knows how to treat sickness, someone who can work mischief with various charms. There may be one whose skill extends to all these branches; but generally one man knows how to do one thing and one another.» The Katcharis consider diseases to arise from preternatural causes, hence, Colonel Dalson says, they have besides priests a special class of conjurers whose duty it is to name the god who has sent the disease. The Kafirs are represented as having three classes of doctors: the Smelling-doctors, who pretend to detect the operations of witchcraft in calamity, disease, etc., the Handling-doctors, who administer medicine, but combine with it dancing, drumming, interrogations and responses, and the doctors of medicine, who trust to pharmacy alone for the cure of disease. These are said

5

333.

1 Thomson, The Story of New Zealand, i. 219.

2 Ellis, Polynesian Researches, iii. 394.

3 Jarves, History of the Hawaiian Islands, p. 39.

* Codrington, Melanesians, p. 192.

Dalton, Ethnologie Bengalens,' in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, v.

to be distinct from other classes of the priesthood.1 In regard to the Bafióte in Congo a distinction has been drawn between the fetish-priests who consult the fetish, and the wizard-doctors who administer the medicine. 2 Among the Karok there are two distinct classes of shamans engaged in the medical profession. It is the province of the one class to diagnose the case, while the other doctors seek to medicate the part where the former has discovered the ailment to reside. 3 We are told that the priest-doctors of the Tarahumare form several classes which have each their specialities. Some of them sing at certain religious feasts and are doctors as well, while a few do not sing at all, but are merely healers. From the Moxo tribe two sorts of ministers are mentioned who conduct the various observances: »Il y en a qui sont de vrais Enchanteurs, dont l'unique fonction est de rendre la santé aux malades. D'autres sont comme les Prêtres destinez à appaiser les Dieux.» 5 Among the Manacicas the physicians constituted the third rank in society and were said to be a different order from the priests who held the second rank. And, finally, we are informed that the ancient Araucanians in Chile had three different kinds of physicians, who were distinguished by the different methods of cure that they employed.7

Although we know that weather-making is among the lower races universally associated with priesthood, it is often very difficult to ascertain when this function

1

Backhouse, A Visit to Mauritius and South Africa, p. 230.

2 Chavanne, Reisen und Forschungen im alten und neuen Kongo

staate, pp. 409, 411.

3

Powers, 'Tribes of California,' in Survey of the Rocky Mountain

7 Alcedo, Dictionary of America and the West Indies, i. 414.

refers to the regular priests, and when to a special class of individuals. Statements such as the priests practise rain-making,» or, »the priests are the weather-doctors,> abound in descriptions of savage peoples, but they do not necessarily imply that the priests who are concerned with influencing the weather are the same as those who conduct the public worship. Certain peoples only, furnish clear instances of the weather-doctors being identical with the priests, or forming a class of their own.

1

Among the duties of the Greenland Angakoks was the producing of favourable weather. This same duty is also exercised by the shamans of the Thlinkets. 2 The high priest of the Medicine Lodge ceremony among the Blackfoot Indians is also supposed to have power over rain. Similarly the Cherokee priests or doctors who conduct their religious rites make the people believe that by conjuration they can bring rain, fine weather, heat, cooling breezes, thunder and lightning. In Loango they ask rain and fair weather of their ministers of religion as they do of the king. By the Kafirs rainmaking is regarded as an endowment peculiar to the priests. But at the same time they believe that it does not belong by any means to all the priests alike; on the contrary, it is enjoyed by a very few even of them, seldom by more than one in a tribe. " It is recorded

1

5

4

Rink, Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo, p. 62.

2 Krause, Die Tlinkit-Indianer, p. 284.

4 Bartram, The Creek and Cherokee Indians,' in Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, iii. 1. p. 21.

5

Proyart, 'History of Loango,' in Pinkerton, A General Collection of Voyages and Travels, xvi. 595.

6

Holden, Past and Future of the Kaffir Races, p. 308. Wood, Natural History of Man, i. 208. Maclean, Kafir Laws and Customs, p. 104. Kielland, Zululandet, p. 54. Mr. Backhouse states that the Kafir rain-makers are distinct from the doctors and augurs. Visit to Mauritius and South Africa, pp. 230 sq.

that among the various functions of a Siberian shaman is that of a weather-prophet. 1

4

Opposing statements also, i. e. that the profession of a weather-maker is kept distinct from ordinary priesthood, come from different quarters of the world. Among the natives of the Altai district there is a special class of shamans who profess to manage the weather by means of a magic stone. 2 The Kirghizes also have a class who not only foretell the weather but also have the power to procure or keep off rain, wind and lightning. Among the Yagas in Congo, the Scingilli, or rain-makers, form an inferior class under the Gangas or fetish-men. With reference to the Okanda people about the Ogowe river in Equatorial Africa we are assured that the priestly functions are to some extent distributed among different classes of the priesthood. There are certain priests to whom the people apply for producing rain when a bad year is impending, and these have a special name. 5 The rain-doctors of the Ganguellas in Southern Central Africa are pronounced to be distinct from other classes of the priesthood." 6 Mr Bourkie's account of the medicine-men of the Apache and other Indian tribes displays the differentiation which is to be observed between the various classes of their priesthood: >>There are some doctors,» we read, »who enjoy great fame as the bringers of rain, some who claim special power over snakes, and some who profess to consult the spirits only, and do not treat the sick except when no other practitioners are available. ——— This differentiation

1 Radloff, Aus Sibirien, ii. 16.

1 Вербицкій, Алтайскіе Инородцы, р. 45.

6

Serpa Pinto, Wanderung quer durch Afrika, i. 125.

is not however carried so far that a medicine-man, no matter of what class, would decline a large fee.» 1

Some few peoples make a distinction between different branches of weather-making. From Mabuiag or Jervis Island Dr. Haddon mentions two classes of weather-doctors: If a man wanted rain he went to the Aripuilaig, or rain-man, and asked him to make it rain, whilst a man who wished for wind, in order. that he might sail his canoe to go and spear dugong, went to the Gubaupuilaig to proffer his request.2 Among the Natchez Indians, »they are not the same who undertake to procure Rain and fine Weather: The Genius of one Person cannot, as they say, give both.» 3 In New Zealand any uninitiated person may officiate for the purpose of bringing wind, but when rain is wished for, to cause a flood, or to irrigate the cultivated fields, priests are always sent for. 4

In studying the different offices associated with the priesthood we have still to pay attention to the judicial authority with which its members are often invested. As a rule, the rights of the priests in this respect are closely connected with their religious duties: their supernaturalistic endowments being called into requisition to serve the administration of justice in the various communities. As a matter of course, the priests are the most suitable persons to preside over the ordeals at which, among many peoples, persons suspected of crimes are

1

Bourkie, 'The Medicine-Men of the Apache,' in Smithsonian Reports, ix. 454.

2

Haddon, Ethnography of the Western Tribe of Torres Straits,' in Jour. Anthr. Inst. xix. 401.

3 Charlevoix, A Voyage to North America, ii. 204.

4 Yate, An Account of New Zealand, p. 147.