of their own and other men's minds, and in reducing them to logical consistency and systematical arrangement. In these cases the subjects of attention are not external objects, but speculations previously delivered; the object is not to interpret nature, but man's mind. The opinions of the masters are the facts which the disciples endeavour to reduce to unity, or to follow into consequences. A series of speculators who pursue such a course, may properly be termed a School, and their philosophy a School Philosophy; whether their agreement in such a mode of seeking knowledge arise from personal communication and tradition, or be merely the result of a community of intellectual character and propensity. The two great periods of school philosophy (it will be recollected that we are here directing our attention mainly to physical science), were that of the Greeks and that of the middle ages,-the period of the first waking of science, and that of its mid-day slumber. What has been said thus briefly and imperfectly, would require great detail and much explanation, to give it its full significance and authority. But it was proper to state so much in this place, in order to render more intelligible and more instructive at the first aspect, the view of the attempted or effected progress of science. It is, perhaps, a disadvantage inevitably attending an undertaking like the present, that it must set out with statements so metaphysical, and, it may be, repulsive; and must give them without adequate developement and proof. Such an introduction may be compared to the geographical sketch of a country, with which the historian of its fortunes often begins his narration. So much of metaphysics is as necessary to us as such a portion of geography is to the historian of an empire; and what has hitherto been said, is intended as a slight outline of the geography of that intellectual world, of which we have here to study the history. To that history we now proceed. Τίς γὰρ ἀρχὰ δέξατο ναυτιλίας; τος δῆσεν ἅλοις; Ἐπεὶ δ ̓ ἐμβόλου Κρεμασαν ἀγκύρας ὕπερθεν Χρυσέαν χείρεσσι λαβὼν φιάλαν Φιλίαν νόστοιο μοίραν. PINDAR. Pyth. iv. 124, 349. Whence came their voyage? them what peril held With adamantine rivets firmly bound? L BOOK I. HISTORY OF THE GREEK SCHOOL PHILOSOPHY, WITH CHAPTER I. PRELUDE TO THE GREEK SCHOOL PHILOSOPHY. Sect. 1.-First Attempts of the Speculative Faculty in Ar an early period of history there appeared in men at least that modification of it which we have here to consider, seems to have been first unfolded among the Greeks. And during that obscure introductory interval which elapsed while the speculative tendencies of men were as yet hardly disentangled from the practical, those who were most eminent in such inquiries were distinguished by the same term of praise which is applied to sagacity in matters of action, and were called wise men-oopoì. But |