9. Ng. The peculiar sound of ng is heard in sing, song, sung, mingling. It assumes the sound of nj, when followed by e at the end of a syllable; as in arrange, derange.

XII. The substitutes are c, gh, i, ph, q.

1. C. This letter is a substitute,

1. For k, at the end of a syllable, and before a, o, u, r, l, t; as in vaccination, cart, colt, cut, cur, college, cottage.

2. For s, before e, i, y; as in cedar, cider, cymbal, mercy. 3. For sh, when followed by ea, ia, ie, io iou, and preceded by the accent primary or secondary; as in ocean, social, species, spacious.

4. For z, as in discern, sacrifice, suffice.

C' is silent in arbuscle, corpuscle, czar, czarina, indict, muscle, victuals.

2. Gh. This combination, when one or the other, or both of the letters are not silent, is a substitute for f; as in laugh, cough, trough: in one instance at least for k; as hough.

3. I. This letter, as a consonant, is a substitute for y; as in the second syllable of pinion, &c.

4. Ph. Ph is a substitute for for v; as in philosopher, Stephen it is silent in phthisic.

5. Q. This letter is a substitute for k; as in banquet, conquer, coquet.

SUBSTITUTES.

2. A SYNOPSIS OF THE PRECEDING CONSONANTS AND Substitutes,

vaccination, cur, cottage.

gone, rug

gem, edge.

manner

ng

bank, distinct.

sh

ocean, spacious.

was, rags, stars.

Z

discern, suffice.

sh

sure, sugar.

zh

vision, usual.

sh

IS A SUBSTITUTE FOR

Accent, in general, is that greater stress which is laid on one syllable of a word in comparison with another. It is employed to promote ease of articulation, to distinguish different parts of speech having the same form, and to express opposition of thought. Hence, as it subserves any one of these ends, it may be denominated articulatory, discriminative, or rhetorical.

1. Articulatory Accent.

Articulatory accent is either primary or secondary: the first, distinguished from the last, by appearing at an earlier stage in the formation of words, by being indispensable to all words of more than one syllable, and by being produced by a more forcible utterance. A word never has the secondary accent until it contains three or more syllables; and it may have three, four, and even five syllables, without having the secondary accent in a degree to attract notice; as in relative, communicative. The greater force of the primary may be observed in such words as estimated, recommendation, heterogeneous.

But few general rules can be given to determine the place of the accent. Many that are prescribed as such, have exceptions as numerous as the words which they embrace. The limited number subjoined, are mainly drawn from Webster.

1. Monosyllables, though they may be pronouced with force, are necessarily without accent comparison of one syllable with another being involved in the very nature of

accent.

2. Dissyllables submit to no general rule of accentuation whatever; as may be readily ascertained by testing those rules which Walker, Murray and others apply to this class of words.

3. Trisyllables, derived from dissyllables, usually retain the accent of their primitives; as in poet, poetess; pleasant, pleasantly; gracious, graciously; relate, related; polite, politely, politest.

4. Words of four syllables also, derived from dissyllables, generally retain the accent of their primitives; as in collectible from collect; serviceable from service; virtuously from virtue; dictionary from diction; fancifulness from fancy.

5. In all cases, the preterit and participles of verbs retain the accents of the verbs. 6. Words ending in tion, sion, tian, cious, tious, cial, tial, tiate, tient, cient, have the accent on the syllable preceding that termination; as motion, aversion, christian, avaricious, adventitious, commercial, geometrician, substantial, negotiate, patient, ancient.

7. Words of more than two syllables, ending in ty, have, for the most part, the accent on the antepenult; as entity, liberty, gratuity, propriety, prosperity, insensibility.

8. Trisyllables ending in ment, for the most part, have the accent on the first syllable; as complement, detriment; but to this rule there are many exceptions, and particularly nouns formed from verbs; as amendment, commandment.

Words ending with cracy, fluous, ferous, fluent. gonal, gony, machy, loquy, mathy, meter, nomy, ogy, pathy, phony, parous, scopy, strophe, vomo is, tomy, raphy, have the accent on the antepenultimate syllable; as democracy, superfluous, odoriferous, mellifluent, diagonal, cosmogony, logomachy, obloquy, polymathy, barometer, economy, theology, apathy, euphony, oviparous, aeroscopy, apostrophe, ignivomous, duatomy, geography.

Such is a brief statement of the rules of accentuation which possess any value.

2. Discriminative Accent.

This, as I have already observed, is employed to distinguish different parts of speech having the same form: principally nouns

and verbs, but in a few instances nouns and adjectives; as in the following list, which I obtain from Mr. Walker.

bombard

premise

premise

This is a temporary accent, or, perhaps more properly speaking, the customary accent transferred from its place to another syllable, to express opposition of thought.

Examples.

1. He must increase, but I must decrease.

2. What fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness? 3. Consider well what you have done, and what you have left undone.

4. This corruptible must put on incorruption; and this mortal must put on immortality.

5. The difference in this case, is no less than betwixt decency and indecency betwixt religion and irreligion.

6. In the suitableness or unsuitableness, the proportion or disproportion of the affection to the object which excites it, consists the propriety or impropriety of the consequent action.

7. Now that he ascended, what is it but that he also descended first into the lower parts of the earth? He that. descended, is the same also that ascended up far above all heavens, that he might fill all things.

CHAPTER II.

PUNCTUATION.

WHAT have to say, under this head, rests on the following propositions:

1. That our language comprises a limited number of sentences, having each a peculiar and uniform construction by which they may be always and easily recognised:

2. That all sentences of the same construction, should, in strict propriety, be punctuated, without regard to their brevity or length, in the same manner:

3. That the punctuation should always coincide with the delivery; so that the one may be a guide to the other; or, rather, so that the construction of a sentence may determine the punctuation and the delivery at the same time:

4. That every departure from the proper punctuation, by which the latter is brought in conflict with the delivery, should be systematic; that is to say, should be for reasons which apply to all cases of the same kind; so that the design of the change in punctuation may be, in every case, obvious, and the proper delivery retained notwithstanding.

In the remarks which follow, I purposely refrain from entering on the details of punctua tion: nothing more being necessary at present, than the general rules which determine the proper use of the different pauses, and so prepare the way to understand the classification and description of sentences on succeeding pages. Their special application, I deem it best to reserve until the subject of structure shall be under consideration.

Pauses are employed for three purposes:

1. To mark divisions of sense;

2. To indicate the nature of the sentence; and
3. To denote unusual construction or significance.

SEC. I. PAUSES WHICH MARK DIVISIONS OF SENSE.