BOOK REVIEWS

(Continued from Page 188)

to combat or to prevent disease, presents a strong plea for greater interest in this branch of the practice of medicine.

Dr. Boyd discusses the reasons for the continued presence of these diseases when their nature is so well known, believing the chief difficulties to lie in the "lack of ways and means for placing effective control measures in operation." He considers what the result of continued application of adequate efforts would be, and outlines an interesting prophesy as to a re-grouping of age distributions of the causes of death, and as to the consequences nationally of not only increased longevity but also of improved physical conditions upon the human race.

Certain landmarks in the past history of preventive medicine make an unusual addition to his general survey of the subject. The volume is divided into sections dealing first with the groups as named, followed by a section on special aspects of hygiene and sanitation of infancy, childhood, heating and ventilation, personal hygiene, and domestic sanitation. Sections VII deals with demography, the statistics of population, births and deaths, and sickness with charts and maps showing methods of study used.

The final chapter, though short, deals interestingly with public health administration, national, state, and local, and argues for more co-ordination of existing federal agencies, which in the author's opinion, can probably best be accomplished by the creation of a single public health department.

The book is well illustrated, well printed and the subject matter well presented, making a valuable contribution to the subject, though the author states as his object, the brief. presentation of only the salient points, referring those particularly interested to larger and more exhaustive treatises.

H. R. Reynolds, Surgeon U. S. P. H. S.

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

By Edward J. Kempf, M.D., Clinical Psychiatrist to St. Elizabeth Hospital, (Formerly Government Hospital for the Insane), Washington, D.C. Author of the Autonomic Functions and the Personality; 87 Illustrations. C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, 1920. Price $9.50.

In the introduction the author states that psychopathology treats of the abnormal, that is, abnormal thoughts and actions and their causes as they are found in individuals. A collection of cases of abnormal behavior and sexual maladjustment are presented in which the individual does not realize the delicate relationship of civilization which is fostered with vigilance and sound wisdom.

The physiological foundations of the personality involves the question of hypertension or hypotension in which the autonomic activities are influenced for

relief and if unrestrained, subject the personality to embarrassing situations. The autonomic apparatus includes all the vital organs, the ductless glands, secretory glands, unstriped muscles and the gunglionic nervous systems. The postural tonus of the striped muscles influence the autonomic neurones of the cord to an adjustment determined by the nature of the tonus as of the stomach, in exciting the sensation of hunger, or a painful contact stemulus, a contraction of the blood-vessels, a diminution in the secretion of gastric juice, and an increase in mucus secretion. This status produces disagreeable sensations and a feeling of fear or anxiety. The psychic tonus of suggestion finds relief.in objects or symbols, as in lower orders of civilization, or in religious fanaticism. In confused psychosis whether related to organic or metabolic disturbances, the autonomic cravings are the dynamic factor.

The author devotes some space to the consideration of the collection of psychoneurosis and psychosis in relation to autonomic affecting resistance to a receptor as it lowers its power to produce sensational reactions in consciousness. It is under these conditions of psychopic tension that patients submit to unnecessary and illogical surgical operations for relief of erotic cravings or other conditions. The relationship of families form the subject of psychopathologic consideration often of the most tragic character, either real or imagined, based on sexual autonomic tension. It is said that 30,000 cases of socalled dementia precox, that is, chronic regression dissociations of personality occur in the United States every year which demands, according to the author, a reconstitution of a more helpful, honest basis, and cites many instances of sexual selfishness in illustration which have destroyed married happiness. Chapter third on the contrary is devoted to the consideration of virility goodness and happiness, a subject which demands much serious consideration in restoring vanishing happy married life. Chapter four is devoted to the consideration of organic and functional inferiorities upon the personality, and chapter five; mechanical classification of neurosis and psychosis, produced by distortion of autonomic-affective functions. Chapter six considers in considerable detail the mechanism of the suppression, or anxiety neurosis. This chapter has an acute bearing on many problems which come to the medical practitioner and which is so often hidden from the social world.

Repression or psycho-neurosis. Their mechanism and relation to psychosis due to repressed autonomic cravings. This chapter bears directly on many morbid social conditions, religious, and medical, and is the cause of much unhappiness and for which family relationship is often responsible, and is the source of much scandal.

Maniac-depression psychosis as benign compensation or regression neurosis, with or without dissociation of personality, the psychopathology or (Continued on Advertising Page xviii)

BOOK REVIEWS

(Continued from Advertising Page xvi) paranoia, the psychology of the acute homosexual panic, chronic paranoid dissociation, chronic catatonic dissociation, chronic hebephrenic dissociation, reconsideration of determinants of behavior. These chapters except the last relate to distinct insanities.

The book as a whole is one of exceptional value and should be carefully studied by physicians who sustain the relation of the family advisor. Immense good may be accomplished by the physician of courage who will intelligently inquire into the secrets of the family relation and firmly point out the wrong being committed, and thus restore the normal relation and balance, which is so important to the family and to society. This book should be of great value. It is written in a fearless and attractive manner and should be extensively read by the trusted family physician.

PRACTICAL DIETETICS WITH REFERENCE TO DIET IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

By Alida Frances Pattee. Thirteenth Edition. A. F. Pattee, Publisher, Mount Vernon, N. Y., $2.25.

A text-book to have passed through thirteen editions must possess more or less merit. This last edition has been brought up to date by the incorporation of the latest researches in dietetics and embraces the latest dietaries of leading physicians and hospitals. It contains several chapters on the principles of nutrition and preparation of food for the sick; also contains a large collection of recipes-useful to any one. It is a valuable book not only to nurses but to any one interested in the subject of diet for the sick or well.

CREATIVE CHEMISTRY

Description of Recent Achievements in
the Chemical Industries. By Edwin E.
Slosson, M.S., Ph.D., Literary Editor of the
Independent. The Century Co., N. Y.

A book on chemistry written for the layman, describing in plain language the modern processes of the chemical industries.

NEW AND NON-OFFICIAL REMEDIES

During December the following articles have been accepted by the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry for inclusion in New and Non-official Remedies:

Calco Chemical Co.:

Salicaine.

Coleman Laboratories:

Bacillus Bulgaricus.

E. R. Squibb and Sons: Procaine.

H. T. Procaine.

Solution Tablets Procaine. Winthrop Chemical Co.: Adalin Tablets 5 grains. Veronal Tablets 5 grains. Novaspirin Tablets 5 grains. Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories: Typhoid Glycerol-Vaccine. Typhoid Combined Glycerol-Vaccine. Pertussis Glycerol-Vaccine. Pneumococcus Glycerol-Vaccine. The Beebe Laboratories:

Pneumococcus Vaccine No. 14. Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccine No. 39. Colon Vaccine (Acne) No. 11. Acne (Mixed) Vaccine No. 10. Non-proprietary Articles: Phenetsal. Saligenin.

During January the following articles have been accepted by the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry for inclusion in New and Non-official Remedies: Calco Chemical Co.:

Cinchophen Tablets.

Hynson, Westcott & Dunning: Globules of Benzyl Benzoate. Heyl Laboratories:

Acriflavine.
Proflavine.

Intra Products Co.:

Calcium Cacodylate-IPCO. Wnthrop Chemical Co.: Salophen.

Morgenstern & Co.:
Salophen.

During the months of February and March the following articles have been accepted by the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry for inclusion in New and Non-official Remedies:

Armour & Co.:

Corpus Luteum Tablets, 5 grains.

Ampoules Pituitary Liquid—Armour 0.5 c.c. David B. Levy:

DuBois Iodoleine, Injectable, Ampoules, 2 c.c. E. R. Squibb & Sons:

Fat-Free Tincture Digitalis.
Arsphenamine-Squibb.

Neoarsphenamine-Squibb.

Sodium Arsphenamine-Squibb.

Abbott Laboratories:

Tablets Acriflavine-Abbott 0.46 Grain.

Hynson, Westcott & Dunning:

Sterile Ampoules of Benzyl Benzoate-H. W. D.

Doctor, if you should fail to receive a copy of your Journal in the near future, please ask yourself: "Have I paid my 1921 dues to the County and State Society?"

Among the earliest theories with relation to the use of medicines for the treatment of disease or for the purpose of changing the dispositions of men or women, appears the thought that by feeding an individual, parts of an animal that was par

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

PROAEMIUM

No discovery in any field of knowledge is of value until it finds its application to man for the benefit of mankind. The gateway for the application of such knowledge is most frequently through the science and art of medicine, but in the case of the application of our present knowledge of the endocrines, that method is inadequate, and if reIsults are to be obtained that shall be of value to the race, the teachers of economics must share in our service of application, and we must first teach

them.

The teaching of economics in all its branches in our universities is in a great degree false and inadequate, for the reason that its premises are not in accordance with now recognized and established physiological knowledge.

The artisan does not attempt to produce a satisfactory product, except he be thoroughly familiar with the raw material with which he works. Does the professor, whose material is the human animal, know the newer facts in regard to the physiology and psychology of man; the animal that is his raw material? If we are to judge from the products of much professorial reasoning, the answer is, "No."

Has the time arrived for a new Vesalius, or a new Harvey to hold up the lantern of knowledge that the professor's mind may be illuminated and made receptive for a new and better basis for his teachings?

POSTULATE.-All human acts are the result

either of instinct, or of conscious or unconscious cerebration, what is called "thinking."

With the first-instinct-I have nothing to do in this paper. My thesis will be "With what do we think?”

*Read at the meeting of the Tri-State Medical Society, October 6, 1920, at Waterloo, Iowa.

bravery in the fight for life, the man thus receiving this flesh or parts of such an animal would soon begin to partake in his character of the characteristics of the animal whose flesh had been fed

to him.

This belief has persisted in the history of medicine throughout all time and is common today in the beliefs of many peoples. It was perhaps from the observances of this belief among the people that Theophile de Bordeu in France about the year 1750 brought forward his theory that every tissue and gland of the body secreted its own particular and specific substance, and that every such substance was essential to the welfare of the body.

So far as we know, this was the first time that the idea of specific function was attached to the secretion or production of any of the tissues, and it was the beginning of the steps that led after a period of a little over 125 years, to the investigations that have given us our present knowledge of the ductless glands of the endocrine system, and of the tissues and organs which take so important a part in the maintenance of function and of growth, in our physical economy.

It is not my intention to go minutely into the history of the development of our knowledge. If this paper is printed there will be attached to it a chronological list of the important investigators, the date of their work and the advances they had made in this line of study.

It is my purpose to show as briefly as may be possible what the endocrinic organs and tissues are, their various classes, and to renew in your minds perhaps your previous knowledge of the important position they play in the processes of cerebral activity.

The glands which produce a special secretion which activates some other organ or a series of organs, at a distance from the gland or tissue producing the secretion, may be classed roughly in

three orders. First: those that are entirely ductless and which produce but one secretion, which is poured directly into the blood. These are the supra-renal capsules, the thymus, the thyroid, the para-thyroids, the carotid gland, the pituitary body and pineal gland, and the spleen. Second: those glands which produce secretions of a similar character but which have ducts for the transmission of other secretions produced by them, are the liver and the pancreas, in the latter of which are lodged the Islands of Langerhans. Third: Those which have mixed functions but which are not to be classed directly in either of the two preceding divisions, are the hormonic portion of the stomach and mammary glands, the ovaries and uterus, at certain times the placenta, the testicles and probably the prostate.

There are undoubtedly other areas, glands or organs in the body which perform endocrine functions which are yet to be discovered.

It will be seen that these organs belong to two groups, each having its own special form of nerve supply. The liver and the pancreas and some of the organs of the mixed group are supplied and regulated from branches of the vagus, while the others derive their inervation from the sympathetic system of nerves. Nevertheless, each group is self-composed and is, therefore, called autonomic; the group supplied by the vagus being known as the "vagal-autonomic," while those glands which derive their inervation from the sympathetic nerve system are called the vegetative system, or the "vegetal-autonomic." Not all the organs or tissues which produce endocrine material or hormones are in constant function, as for instance, the endocrinic function of the uterus or mammary glands is limited to special times and periods. Hormone arising from the placenta is only active during the period of gestation, but generally speaking, the secretions of the organs of the two systems are being constantly produced and being sent into the body by way of the blood, to activate distant organs in the performance of their own special functions.

It is to be remembered that function of these hormone producing or endocrine organs is one that is performed entirely without consciousness, volition or control on the part of the cerebrating portion of the nervous system.

There is always in existence in the normal individual a condition of control called the "hormonic balance;" it being that state of equilibrium which exists between the stimulative or irritative action of the products of the endocrine organs of the vegetal-autonomic system, and the inhibitive action of those of the vagal-autonomic system.

The special products of the vegetal autonomic system, like the thyroid, para-thyroid and the adrenals are mostly stimulants to function of distant organs. Whereas the endocrine products of the vagal autonomic system are inhibitors. The foregoing general statement being granted, and the intimate relation existing between the function of these specific hormone producing tissues and organs, and the organs and tissues that are acted upon by their products, being understood, it will be clear to you that there is apparently no organ in the body which is not in some degree dependent for its functional activity, upon stimulation sent to it by the hormonic substances derived from endocrine glands or tissues placed at a distance from it.

It is not the purpose of this paper to take up the problems of the varying results produced upon the body as a whole by the excessive action or continued diminished action of any of these glands. You are all of you familiar with the literature of hypo-thyroidism and hyper-thyroidism, of the results of hypo-epinephrism and hyperepinephrism, and of defective action of the different parts of the pituitary body. That part of the subject of the functioning of the endocrine organs does not relate to the thesis of this paper. It is my purpose to draw your attention to the particular modification of the processes of thought that are the result of the failure of action of any or of all of these endocrine organs and to place before you if possible the problem which confronts all our past system of political and social economy which has been based upon a theory that human motives and human acts had their origin in a brain which worked by itself, uninfluenced by any other organs in the body.

It is not my intention to discuss the problems of the conditions of mentality that come under the head of the insanities, or those that are the result of retrograde metamorphoses of the structures of the cerebrating organs in the skull, but only to attempt to attract attention to the one outstanding fact that the nature or quality of human ratiocination, is dependent upon the harmonious functioning of the brain and the endocrine organs.

Let us examine for a moment an instance of what I mean by this. It has been shown that any emotion, passion, pain or grief stimulates the production of the product of the supra-renal capsules and that accompanying every shock, whether physical or mental, there is an increased amount of the product of the supra-renal, thrown by it into the blood. No doubt the endocrine material from many other endocrine organs is in some degree also produced under such circumstances. It