of France.

Being a Protestant, it is said that on the evening of the Massacre of Saint Bartholomew the king sent for Paré and kept him in his own room for safety. Paré died in

1590.

Of the Swiss physicians in this century Daniel Le Clerc was probably the most eminent. He was born at Geneva in 1652 and died there in 1728. He practised medicine and surgery in Geneva and wrote a system of surgery. But the work by which he is best known is his "Histoire de la Médecine" from the earliest records to Galen. The history is a marvel of erudition and painstaking diligence. The author of these pages is indebted to Le Clerc, to a great degree, for the information concerning the earliest chronicles of the medical art and for the state of medicine prior to Hippocrates. His history, a large quarto, was published in French in 1723, at Amsterdam.

In this period belongs the name of Dr. John Freind, an English physician and surgeon, and a writer of conspicuous ability. Born in 1675, he studied the classics and drifted into medicine, and was surgeon in England's war with Spain, 1705-07; later, he became Member of Parliament; later still, physician to the Queen of George II., and Fellow of the Royal Society. He was the author of several works on medicine of more or less note in his day; but the work by which he is best known is a "History of Physics from the Time of Galen to the Beginning of the

Seventeenth Century," in two volumes, 17261727. He died in 1728.1

An English physician and philosopher, born in the Isle of Wight, in 1635, was Robert Hooke. He was a noted anatomist, and distinguished himself in many other scientific studies; became professor of geometry in the Gresham College; and invented the barometer and the quadrant, balance spring for watches, etc. He also took great interest in architecture, and made drawings for many of the public buildings of London, among them the Bedlam. He was also an accomplished writer and controversialist and wrote many memoirs on scientific subjects. In 1662 Hooke was chosen curator of experiments to the Royal Society and was a Fellow of that body. He died in 1702.2

Helvetius Jan Adriance, a Dutch physician, born in 1660, distinguished himself while on a visit to Paris by his success in curing dysentery, an epidemic of which broke out in that city during the reign of Louis XIV. The King offered him one thousand louis if he would divulge the secret of his remedy, which proved to be ipecacuanha. He afterward settled in Paris and became physician to the Regent of the Kingdom, the Duke of Orleans. He also acquired celebrity in his controversy with Robert Hooke, an English contemporary, some account of whom we have Vide Biographia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica.

just given. He also wrote a treatise on medicine. His death occurred in 1727.

MARCELLUS MALPIGHIUS

A contemporary of Willis was the celebrated Italian anatomist Malpighius, born at Bologna in 1628. For many years he held a professorship at the College at Pisa, and afterwards at Messina. He was also distinguished in his studies of plants, and wrote a treatise on "Anatomie Plantorum," a science which he was one of the first to develop in connection with Grew. Malpighi was the first to introduce the microscope in the study of anatomy. The profession of medicine is deeply indebted to him for its knowledge of the lungs and brain, on both of which subjects he wrote treatises. He made also important contributions to the minute anatomy of the skin, glands, vesicles, etc. The name of Malpighi is indelibly impressed upon the text-books of anatomy in all languages, and is as familiar to the student of medicine as household words. He was chief physician to Pope Innocent XII. when he died, 1694.1

Another name deserves mention among the students of anatomy of this period, that of Peyer, Johann Conrad, who was born in 1653, at Schaffhausen, Switzerland, and was professor of the physical sciences there. He has the honor of being the first accurately to describe the little

Nouvelle Biographie Générale.